儿童汉字练习:纸笔手写与键盘拼音输入的效果比较

在学校情境下,采用纸笔手写和键盘拼音输入练习汉字的实验任务,比较了75名小学六年级儿童在两种练习方式下的汉字学习及复习效果,并进行了保持效果的追踪。结果发现,纸笔手写和键盘拼音输入对儿童的汉字复习具有同等积极作用,在再认选择和回忆书写上效果均相当;对儿童的汉字学习积极作用不一致:在再认选择上两者积极效果相当,但在回忆书写上,手写明显优于拼音输入。另外,经纸笔手写和键盘拼音输入复习和学习的汉字,其记忆保持随时间变化的趋势一致。以上结果说明了对具有书面语言经验的儿童,拼音输入与手写都有助于形成和巩固汉字在心理词典中的义音形联结,但手写动作更有利于汉字从正字法代码向书写动作程序的转换;"提笔忘字"现象可能是正字法遗忘的结果,并非由使用拼音输入法造成。     

初中二年级学生字词阅读知觉广度的眼动研究

采用眼动研究中经典的移动窗口技术范式探讨中学生字词阅读知觉广度。通过两个实验分别对17名初中二学生和12名初中二学生进行了汉语字、词阅读知觉广度的眼动研究。实验1结果表明,初中二年级学生字窗口条件下的阅读知觉广度为注视点左侧1个单字到右侧2个单字的范围;实验2结果表明,双字词窗口条件下的阅读知觉广度为注视点左侧1个双字词到右侧1个双字词的范围。本研究推论汉语阅读过程进行的是词单元加工,而不是单字。     

汉语发展性阅读障碍亚类型的初步探讨

以阅读水平匹配组为参照对29名汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童的认知缺陷模式进行了分析,并考察了不同亚类型阅读障碍儿童的汉字识别模式。结果表明汉语发展性阅读障碍存在不同的亚类型,以语音缺陷型、快速命名缺陷型及两者结合的双重缺陷型为主,与英语国家研究中的双重缺陷假设一致。语音缺陷型儿童汉字识别时有更多的语义错误,对声旁中的部分语音线索不敏感;快速命名缺陷型儿童汉字识别时依赖声旁语音线索,表现出阅读发展的一般延迟;双重或多重认知缺陷型是阅读损伤最严重的亚类型     

汉字笔画像素数省略对中文句子阅读影响的眼动研究

在前人笔画省略实验的基础上,采用“像素省略”这一更精确的变量操纵来探讨笔画省略对汉字识别的影响。实验采用2（像素省略方式：省前、略后）×3（像素省略水平：15%、30%、50%）被试内设计,分析整句阅读的眼动轨迹。结果显示,像素省略水平越高对阅读的干扰越大,省前条件下对阅读的干扰显著大于略后条件。结果进一步证实了汉字书写顺序对汉字识别的影响,先书写的笔画比后书写的笔画对汉字的识别起到更大的作用,即笔画顺序效应。     

Exploring orthographic neighborhood size effects in a computational model of Chinese character naming

Orthographic neighborhood (N) size effects have been extensively studied in English consistently producing a facilitatory effect in word naming tasks. In contrast, several recent studies on Chinese character naming have demonstrated an inhibitory effect of neighborhood size. Response latencies tend to be inhibited by inconsistent characters with large neighborhoods relative to small neighborhoods. These differences in neighborhood effects between languages may depend on the characteristics (depth) of the mapping between orthography and phonology. To explore this, we first conducted a behavioral experiment to investigate the relationship between neighborhood size, consistency and reading response. The results showed an inhibitory effect of neighborhood size for inconsistent characters but a facilitatory effect for consistent characters. We then developed two computational models based on parallel distributed processing principles to try and capture the nature of the processing that leads to these results in Chinese character naming. Simulations using models based on the triangle model of reading indicated that consistency and neighborhood size interact with the division of labor between semantics and phonology to produce these effects.     

我对卒中单元的体会

卒中单元作为卒中治疗的最佳模式,逐渐被临床医生所接受,就卒中单元的概念、特点及我国卒中的现状等多数人所关心的问题进行了分析和探讨,以助于更好的理解。     

Los Degradados: Out,down, dead: Transmitted and inflicted trauma as encountered in the analysis of a 6‐year‐old girl1

The author presents the analysis of a precocious traumatized little girl, which reveals the ways in which historical trauma is transmitted and intrafamilial trauma is both disguised and represented. The play as it evolves is seen to simultaneously communicate what the child struggles with and to resolutely try to hide what has actually happened. Analyst and child together participate in play which utilizes displacement, enactment and interactive enactment, the latter play mode being the very hallmark of profound traumatic experience. Carlotta, the child, helps the analyst to follow her quest for meaning making even as the interaction between them adheres to and departs from the deepening pentimenti of traumatic experience, which needs to be unraveled and reconstructed in order that her own developmental progression can be rejoined. The analysis facilitates Carlotta's capacity to play in a more unfettered fashion and to assist her family's recovery as well.     

论文王卦位的形成及其与《易经》的关系

文王卦位是以中国原有的时空观念为基础,适应占筮需要形成的.最迟在西周之时,先后形成了四时与四方相配的时空统一观念,以及五行顺次相生观念.文王卦位的安排,首先是将四时与四方相配延展为八个时段与八方一一相配,然后据八卦的卦象、卦德排定其时位与方位,理解时位是理解卦位的关键.在卦位的安排中,很可能已考虑到五行的循环相生.这种卦位说形成于古经<周易>成书前,<易经>在观象系辞中利用了这种卦位说.     

现代医学科学和人文精神的统一与临床医生综合素质的培养

运用医学哲学的原理,分析了现代医学模式存在的弊端,阐述了现代医学精神是科学和人文精神的统一,结合临床医生综合素质的培养,指出了现代医学科学和人文精神统一的重要性.