Attendance Rates in A Workplace Predict Subsequent Outcome of Employment-Based Reinforcement of Cocaine Abstinence in Methadone Patients

This study assessed whether attendance rates in a workplace predicted subsequent outcome of employment-based reinforcement of cocaine abstinence. Unemployed adults in Baltimore methadone programs who used cocaine (N  =  111) could work in a workplace for 4 hr every weekday and earn $10.00 per hour in vouchers for 26 weeks. During an induction period, participants provided urine samples but could work independent of their urinalysis results. After the induction period, participants had to provide urinalysis evidence of cocaine abstinence to work and maintain maximum pay. A multiple regression analysis showed that induction period attendance was independently associated with urinalysis evidence of cocaine abstinence under the employment-based abstinence reinforcement contingency. Induction period attendance may measure the reinforcing value of employment and could be used to guide the improvement of employment-based abstinence reinforcement.     

Uncovering an existential barrier to breast self-exam behavior

The present research applies an analysis derived from terror management theory to the health domain of breast examination, and in doing so uncovers previously unrecognized factors that may contribute to women’s reluctance to perform breast self-examinations (BSEs). In Study 1, when concerns about mortality were primed, reminders of human beings’ physical nature (i.e., creatureliness) reduced intentions to conduct BSEs compared to reminders of humans’ uniqueness. In Study 2, women conducted shorter exams on a breast model (an experience found to increase death-thought accessibility) when creatureliness was primed compared to a uniqueness and no essay condition. In Study 3, after a creatureliness prime, women performed shorter BSEs when a placebo did not provide an alternative explanation for their discomfort compared to when it did. Advances for theory and breast self-exam promotion are discussed.     

Evidence for the DTA hypothesis II: Threatening self-esteem increases death-thought accessibility

Three studies assessed the impact of self-esteem threat on death-thought accessibility (DTA). Increased DTA resulted from three distinct types of self-esteem threat. Studies 1 and 2 employed negative feedback procedures in which participants were told that they scored below average on an intelligence test (Study 1), or that their personality was incongruent for their desired career path (Study 2). In Study 3, participants were led to believe that they would give an ill prepared speech in front of their peers. In Studies 1 and 2 DTA was assessed via reaction times on a lexical decision task, while Study 3 employed a word-fragment completion task. Study 3 demonstrated the DTA buffering effect of fortifying self-esteem via self-affirmation. Discussion focused on general implications for TMT, self-esteem, and mental health.     

It’s not just what you say but when you say it: Self-presentation and temporal construal

Three experiments demonstrated that the use and effectiveness of self-presentation strategies are affected by time. In Experiment 1, participants used more indirect self-presentation statements for the distant than near future, but used more direct self-presentation statements for the near than distant future. In Experiment 2, participants for whom indirect self-presentation strategies were made accessible rated a future interview as more temporally distant than those for whom direct self-presentation strategies were made accessible. In Experiment 3, participants rated their self-presentation attempts as more effective if they used direct strategies for the near future and indirect strategies for the distant future. Implications for studying the timing of self-presentation and its relation to temporal construal levels are discussed.     

论医院实行单病种限价的伦理学价值

从单病种限价在医院内部管理机制等方面的作用出发,探讨了实施单病种限价的伦理价值基础和伦理学意义。认为单病种限价政策能促使医院形成“以人为本”的管理理念,切实维护患者利益,培养医务人员的医德素质,促使医院重视德源资产和品牌形象的建设,强化医务人员精益求精的科学精神,取信于民并帮助医院树立诚信的道德形象,是医院可持续发展的可取途径。     

Effects of trusting and being trusted on team citizenship behaviours in chain stores

Previous studies showed a robust and positive relationship between subordinates' trust for leaders and their individual organizational citizenship behaviours. Building on this foundation, we examined two extensions. First, based on the team citizenship behaviours approach, we studied whether the same relationship held at the group level. Second, drawing from literature on leadership and self-efficacy, we studied whether leaders' perceptions of being trusted by their subordinates mattered in this trust relationship; we also examined how this perception affected team citizenship behaviours. Results showed that subordinates' trust for leaders and team citizenship behaviours were positively related at the team level. When leaders felt more trusted, teams showed more citizenship behaviours. Beyond these main effects, leaders' felt trust was found to negatively moderate the relationship between staff trust for leaders and team citizenship behaviours. Theoretical and practical implications of this research are discussed.     

Bayesian Hierarchical Classes Analysis

Hierarchical classes models are models for N-way N-mode data that represent the association among the N modes and simultaneously yield, for each mode, a hierarchical classification of its elements. In this paper we present a stochastic extension of the hierarchical classes model for two-way two-mode binary data. In line with the original model, the new probabilistic extension still represents both the association among the two modes and the hierarchical classifications. A fully Bayesian method for fitting the new model is presented and evaluated in a simulation study. Furthermore, we propose tools for model selection and model checking based on Bayes factors and posterior predictive checks. We illustrate the advantages of the new approach with applications in the domain of the psychology of choice and psychiatric diagnosis. Iwin Leenen is now at the Instituto Mexicano de Investigación de Familia y Población (IMIFAP), Mexico. The research reported in this paper was partially supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (programa Ramón y Cajal) and by the Research Council of K.U.Leuven (PDM/99/037, GOA/2000/02, and GOA/2005/04). The authors are grateful to Johannes Berkhof for fruitful discussions.     

化疗导致卵巢功能损害防护研究的进展

卵巢功能损害和早衰是女性恶性肿瘤患者进行化疗后常见的一个重要远期并发症,尤其对于育龄期和幼龄期的患者,化疗所造成卵巢功能的损害而引起的早绝经和不孕会严重影响她们的自尊和生活质量,本文从认识论的观点,阐述对化疗造成卵巢功能损害进行防护的有关研究进展。     

四元生命管理之理念初探

只有从研究个体的先天体质入手,剖析个体生命特征,根据生命体自身的变化规律,预测生命各阶段将出现的各种问题,才能针对性地对个体生命的全过程进行全面地分析、评估、监测、预防、干预和维护。四元生命管理即为凸显个体独特性的、从测评先天体质入手、强调四元平衡互动的、对生命全过程进行的管理。     

大型教学医院应加强肿瘤疾病数据库的建设

建立恶性肿瘤疾病数据库（carcinoma cases database,CCD）来管理肿瘤患者的临床资料是临床医学信息化、现代化的迫切要求和必然趋势。大型教学医院应充分利用资源优势,遵循可行性、实用性原则,加强CCD的建设,以实现对肿瘤病人临床资料规范、系统、便捷的管理,更好地开展临床、教学和科研工作,评估肿瘤疾病的疗效及完善病例的随访追踪。