Validation of the Life Role Salience Scale in a South African setting

This study aimed to validate the Life Role Salience Scale (LRSS) in a South African context. Respondents were 300 working adults (72.3% = women; 57.9% = non-white; mean age = 35.12 years, SD = 10.25 years; mostly from the finance sector = 35.6%). Confirmatory factor and exploratory factor analyses were conducted to determine the LRSS’s factor structure and reliability of scores from the scale for the South African sample. Results yielded five factors emerging from the analyses: Homecare role reward value and homecare role commitment; marital role reward value and marital role commitment; occupational role commitment; occupational role value reward; and parental role reward value. The reliability of scores from the LRSS ranged from 0.79 (parental role reward value) to 0.95 (homecare role reward value and homecare role commitment). The LRSS shows validity for research use in South Africa.     

国外父亲教养方式研究的现状和趋势

父亲教养方式越来越成为父母教养方式中的重要组成部分。文章从父亲养育孩子的本能、父亲的参与度、父亲对子女性别角色发展的影响、父亲对子女的自我认同等几个方面对国外心理学有关文献进行综述,提出了研究的特点及不足,并展望了关于父亲教养方式的研究趋势。     

病人角色的社会心理学思考

病人角色是一个角色丛,患者在诊断治疗过程中,可能扮演医疗自助者、医疗求助合作者、医疗拒助者、医疗失助者、医疗反助者或医疗受试者等不同角色.医疗卫生工作者对病人角色内涵的理解,直接影响着医学认知、医学教育改革、医患关系及以病人为中心的落实.     

角色领悟与中学教师职业倦怠

近30年来对中学教师职业倦怠的研究,重点在于探讨中学教师职业倦怠的现状,很少聚焦于寻找解决办法。对于“角色领悟”,这种解决教师职业倦怠的可能途径之一的研究更是稀少。本研究重点在于探讨全面、正确的中学教师角色领悟对缓解中学教师职业倦怠的作用。     

Longitudinal effects of contact on intergroup relations: The role of majority and minority group membership and intergroup emotions

A field study was conducted in the Italian context to examine the longitudinal effects of contact on improved intergroup relations, and to test whether the effects were different for majority and minority group members. Furthermore, we examined the processes underlying contact effects. Participants were 68 Italian (majority) and 31 immigrant (minority) secondary school students, who completed a questionnaire at two time points. The results of regression analyses showed that, consistent with the contact hypothesis (Allport, 1954 ), quantity and quality of contact longitudinally improved outgroup evaluation and increased the attribution of positive stereotypes to the outgroup; the reverse paths were non‐significant. Notably, whereas quantity of contact improved intergroup attitudes and stereotypes for both majority and minority participants, quality of contact had reliable effects only for the majority group. Intergroup anxiety and empathy mediated the longitudinal effects of quantity of contact for both Italians and immigrants; the cross‐lagged effects of contact quality on criterion variables for the Italian group were mediated by intergroup empathy. The theoretical and practical implications of findings are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Resistance to change produced by access to fixed-delay versus variable-delay terminal links

Pigeons' responding was reinforced on a multiple schedule consisting of two two-link chain schedules presented in regular alternation. Responding in initial links (always variable-interval 60-s) produced a key-color change and access to a terminal link. The terminal link for one chain provided food after a fixed delay (fixed-interval or fixed-time); the terminal link for the other provided food after a variable delay (variable-interval or variable-time). The average duration of the terminal-link schedules was varied across conditions, but in every condition the arithmetic mean of the variable-delay terminal-link schedule was equal to the duration of the fixed delay. Response rates were higher in the initial links of the chains with the variable-delay terminal links. Response-decreasing operations (satiation, extinction) were used after performances reached asymptote. Response rates maintained by access to variable-delay terminal links tended to be more resistant to change than were rates maintained by access to fixed-delay terminal links. These results are consistent with the preference for variable- over fixed-interval terminal links observed with concurrent-chains schedules, suggesting (1) that immediacy of reinforcement influences the conditioned reinforcing potency of access to a terminal link and (2) that choice in concurrent chains and resistance of responding to change may be manifestations of the same effect of reinforcement.     

Gender-specific macro- and micro-level processes in the transmission of gender role orientation in adolescence: The role of fathers

Family represents a primary environment for the development and transmission of gender role orientation (GRO) in adolescence. Nonetheless, longitudinal approaches delineating the separate influences of fathers and mothers, including all possible same- and cross-sex parent–child dyads within one family are lacking. This article elucidates the process of adolescent gender role socialization in 244 German families (father, mother, son and daughter) utilizing a longitudinal design (two measurement points over 5 years). Direct transmission paths of GRO and gender-specific parenting (GSP) as a mediator were analysed focusing on fathers' contributions. In addition, the impact of parental workplace autonomy and socio-economic status on intra-familial socialization of GRO was examined. Results indicate that fathers and mothers play at least an equally important role in the transmission of gender role beliefs. A mediating effect of GSP was only evident when considering father–child dyads. Based on social cognitive and developmental systems approaches, the findings are discussed considering adolescents embedded within the family context.     

Salesperson ambidexterity and customer satisfaction: examining the role of customer demandingness,adaptive selling,and role conflict

This research investigates the effects of sales-service ambidexterity on salesperson role perceptions, behaviors, and customer satisfaction. Using a business-to-business, salesperson-customer sample, we build and test a model which highlights both the positive and negative consequences of this simultaneous goal pursuit. Specifically, while sales-service ambidexterity positively impacts adaptive selling behaviors, it also increases perceptions of role conflict among salespeople. Customer demandingness moderates these relationships. Taken together, the results provide insights for firms on how to manage their sales force to optimize both sales and service outcomes based on characteristics of their salespeople and customers.     

退休人员的应付方式对其心理健康的调节作用研究

本文对298名退休人员做了问卷研究,其结果表明：1．退休人员的应付方式受文化程度影响,高文化程度的退休人员比中、低文化程度的退休人员更多采用面对与探索的应付方式,更少采用幻想和退避的应付方式;2．退休人员原有社会角色丧失后应付方式对其心理健康的调节作用是,社会联系减少对退休人员的心理健康有直接的影响;而社会联系减少、职务地位丧失、经济收入降低共同通过退避、幻想与淡化三种应付方式间接影响心理健康。     

Parent and Adolescent Gender Role Attitudes in 1990s Great Britain

Using data from the British Household Panel Survey, this short-term longitudinal study examined relationships between early- and mid-adolescents' gender role attitudes and the attitudes of their parents. Between 1994 and 1997, 602 families answered questions about the roles of husbands and wives, and whether or not having a working mother is harmful to families. Results confirmed that the gender differences that have been found consistently in the literature regarding adults extend back into early adolescence. Adolescent girls' attitudes were markedly more nontraditional than all other family members. However, results only partially supported our hypotheses regarding family influence on attitudes. In particular, we found little evidence that adolescent attitudes would more closely resemble those of the same-gender parent. Analysis of individual questions supports arguments that gender roles are complex and socially determined, and that British men of both adult and adolescent generations have begun in principle to accept nontraditional roles for wives but are less willing to support any erosion of male power in the family.