脑梗死急性期应重视高血糖的处理

脑梗死急性期往往可以检测到血糖升高,而高血糖与脑梗死的转归不良有关。脑梗死急性期高血糖的机制不仅为应激性血糖增高,还可能是多种因素共同作用的结果。注射胰岛素治疗不仅可降低血糖,而且通过对脑组织的直接保护作用减轻脑组织损伤。     

非物质文化遗产跨国保护的法律对策

虽然国际社会对非物质文化遗产的保护进行了相关的立法,但是由于非物质文化遗产本身的特性和各国立法理念的差异,非物质文化遗产的跨国保护一直没有形成有效的机制。以至于出现了跨国侵犯非物质文化遗产权益的现象。我国拥有丰富的非物质文化遗产以及收集、保护的传统,同样面临着不断被外国组织或团体侵犯非物质文化遗产权益的现状。我国应当借鉴他国立法经验,进一步完善相关立法．积极参与国际规则的制定,提升非物质文化遗产的跨国保护水平。     

Tears in the Forest

We are facing unprecedented environmental destruction these days; our remaining forests are being razed at alarming rates, and the high levels of mass extinctions are unraveling the vital fabric that sustains all life on the planet. How does a sensitive person endure in the face of such devastation to stand strong and do the right thing in a manner that keeps the heart soft, open, and responsive? This essay suggests that a new and special kind of love is available to us during these challenging times—a love that is both astonishingly sweet and extremely necessary.     

Visuo-haptic transfer for object recognition in children with periventricular leukomalacia and bilateral cerebral palsy

Object recognition is a complex adaptive process that can be impaired in children with neurodevelopmental disabilities. Recently, we found a significant effect of time on the development of unimodal and crossmodal recognition skills for common objects in typical children and this was a starting point for the study of visuo-haptic object recognition skills in impaired populations. In this study, we investigated unimodal visual information, unimodal haptic information and visuo-haptic information transfer in 30 children, from 4.0 to 10.11 years of age, with bilateral Periventricular Leukomalacia (PVL) and bilateral cerebral palsy. Results were matched with those of 116 controls. Participants were tested using a clinical protocol, adopted in the previous study, involving visual exploration of black-and-white photographs of common objects, haptic exploration of real objects and visuo-haptic transfer of these two types of information. Results show that in the PVL group as in controls, there is an age-dependent development of object recognition abilities for visual, haptic and visuo-haptic modalities, even if PVL children perform worse in all the three conditions, in comparison with the typical group. Furthermore, PVL children have a specific deficit both in visual and haptic information processing, that improves with age, probably thanks to everyday experience, but the visual modality shows a better and more rapid maturation, remaining more salient compared to the haptic one. However, multisensory processes partially facilitate recognition of common objects also in PVL children and this finding could be useful for planning early intervention in children with brain lesion.     

Cortical Cell Assemblies: A Possible Mechanism for Motor Programs

The concept of a motor program has been used to interpret a diverse range of empirical findings related to preparation and initiation of voluntary movement. In the absence of an underlying mechanism, its explanatory power has been limited to that of an analogy with running a stored computer program. We argue that the theory of cortical cell assemblies suggests a possible neural mechanism for motor programming. According to this view, a motor program may be conceptualized as a cell assembly, which is stored in the form of strengthened synaptic connections between cortical pyramidal neurons. These connections determine which combinations of corticospinal neurons are activated when the cell assembly is ignited. The dynamics of cell assembly ignition are considered in relation to the problem of serial order. These considerations lead to a plausible neural mechanism for the programming of movements and movement sequences that is compatible with the effects of precue information and sequence length on reaction times. Anatomical and physiological guidelines for future quantitative models of cortical cell assemblies are suggested. By taking into account the parallel, re-entrant loops between the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia, the theory of cortical cell assemblies suggests a mechanism for motor plans that involve longer sequences. The suggested model is compared with other existing neural network models for motor programming.     

Closing the intention–behaviour gap for sunscreen use and sun protection behaviours

Objective

Two studies were conducted with the aim of closing the intention–behaviour gap for sunscreen use and sun protection behaviours by examining the influence of self-regulatory capacity on the prediction of sunscreen use (Study 1) and self-regulatory capacity and habit on sun protection behaviours (Study 2).

Design

Studies were conducted online. Participants completed questionnaires and cognitive measures and then reported behaviour one week later.

Main Outcome Measures

Questionnaires measuring intention and cognitive tasks measuring self-regulatory capacity were administered to 209 university students. One week later, participants reported behaviour. In Study 2, questionnaires measuring intentions, and habit and cognitive tasks measuring self-regulatory capacity were administered to 178 university students who reported behaviour one week later.

Results

Intention accounted for 7.1% of variance in sunscreen use, no measures of self-regulation accounted for variance in behaviour or moderated the intention–behaviour gap (Study 1). Intention, self-regulatory capacity and habit accounted for 56.1% of variance in sun protection behaviours (Study 2). Intention, self-regulatory ability and habit predicted behaviour, while habit moderated the intention–behaviour gap.

Conclusion

Interventions aimed at increasing sun protection behaviours should take into account level of intention, self-regulatory capacity and habit. Individuals may benefit from habit formation strategies and self-regulation training.     

A longitudinal application of three health behaviour models in the context of skin protection behaviour in individuals with occupational skin disease

Occupational skin disease (OSD) is common, associated with poor prognosis and poses a significant burden to the individual and society. We applied the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), the prototype-willingness model (PWM) and the health action process approach (HAPA) to the prediction and explanation of occupationally relevant skin protection behaviour in individuals with OSD. We used a longitudinal design. In this study, 150 individuals participating in a 3-week inpatient tertiary prevention programme completed measures assessing the constructs of the TPB, PWM and HAPA at admission (T?0), discharge (T?1) and once the individual had returned to work and worked for 4 consecutive weeks (T?2) (n?=?117). Intention was measured at T?0 and skin protection behaviour at T?2. Path analysis was used to assess the longitudinal associations of the models’ constructs with intention and skin protection behaviour. TPB as well as PWM variables accounted for 30% of variance in behaviour, HAPA variables for 33%. While not all predictions were confirmed by the data, all three models are able to inform us about the formation of skin protection intention and behaviour in individuals with OSD. The findings are discussed in light of future interventions and research.     

Council-Based Approaches to Intimate Partner Violence: Evidence for Distal Change in the System Response

Communities across the United States are collaborating to create a coordinated response to intimate partner violence (IPV); ideally, this involves promoting best practices in the justice and human service systems and engaging a broad array of community sectors (e.g., human service; criminal justice; faith; business; education) to promote victim safety and batterer accountability (Pence, 1999). The current study examined the extent to which Family Violence Coordinating Councils resulted in change in the systems’ response to IPV. Specifically, we examined judicial order of protection data from 1990 to 2005 to establish whether the formation and development of councils across the state of Illinois promoted the issuance of plenary orders of protection following the initial granting of emergency orders of protection. Such a pattern would indicate implementation of a best practice in the system response to IPV. Utilizing a multilevel logistic modeling approach, we found that the introduction and development of councils was indeed related to the accessibility of plenary orders of protection. The specific ways in which councils may have influenced such an outcome and the implications of this approach for research on council effectiveness are discussed.