Thinking about the body as subject

The notion of immunity to error through misidentification (IEM) has played a central role in discussions of first-person thought. It seems like a way of making precise the idea of thinking about oneself ‘as subject’. Asking whether bodily first-person judgments (e.g. ‘My legs are crossed’) can be IEM is a way of asking whether one can think about oneself simultaneously as a subject and as a bodily thing. The majority view is that one cannot. I rebut that view, arguing that on all the notions of IEM that have so far been successfully defined, bodily first-person judgments can be IEM.     

胸腺五肽在中毒患者治疗中疗效观察

观察胸腺五肽在中毒患者治疗中的效果.选取ICU中毒患者共40例.分为试验组和对照组,试验组23例,对照组17例.试验组在基础治疗同时加用胸腺五肽,对照组只对症治疗.观察比较两组患者D1、3、5、7天的体温、白细胞计数、中性粒细胞计数、呼吸机辅助呼吸时间、镇静镇痛药物应用时间、C反应蛋白水平、病原学结果.两组D1体温、白细胞计数、中性粒细胞计数和CRP指标比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);在治疗D3、D5和D7两组白细胞计数比较,在治疗D3和D5两组中性粒细胞计数比较,在治疗D5和D7两组体温比较,在治疗D5两组CRP比较,差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).试验组应用呼吸机辅助呼吸时间短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001).试验组发生相关性感染例数少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).胸腺五肽在中毒患者治疗的应用中,可调节患者细胞免疫功能,减轻炎症活动,联合应用并未增加药物副反应,并能最终改善预后.     

孕激素在孕期治疗的利与弊

妊娠期间的内分泌变化是胎儿和胎盘发育的一个体现,尤其是孕激素在妊娠期和分娩期均发挥了重要的作用。但应注意孕期应用孕激素有利亦有弊,因此应从辩证的观点了解孕激素作为药物在临床治疗中的两重性,发挥其优点、克服其缺点,实现其治疗的最大效能。     

从基因疫苗的研究进展谈科学技术"双刃剑"

基因疫苗可以利用宿主细胞的蛋白合成系统合成目的抗原,诱导机体产生针对该抗原的体液和细胞免疫应答,具有安全性高和诱导全面免疫应答的能力,在肿瘤和病毒性疚病中具有良好的应用前景;但基因疫苗的潜在危险不容忽视,提高其疗效、减轻其副作用成为疫苗研制的重要方向.     

Stopping points: ‘I’, immunity and the real guarantee

Abstract

The aim of the paper is to bring out exactly what makes first-personal (and more generally indexical and demonstrative) contents special, by showing that they perform a distinctive cognitive function. Namely, they are stopping points of inquiry. First, I articulate this idea and then I use it to clear the ground from a troublesome conflation. That is, the conflation of this particular function all first-person thoughts have with the property of immunity to error through misidentification, which only some I-thoughts enjoy. Afterward, I show the implications of this idea for a theory of first-person content and of immunity to error though misidentification. I then make some comparisons with Pryor’s notion of wh-misidentification and immunity thereof and with Cappelen and Dever’s position on immunity to error through misidentification and show why they are defective.     

Philosophy for Computers: Some Explorations in Philosophical Modeling

Philosophical modeling has a long and distinguished history, but the computer offers new and powerful prospects for the creation and manipulation of models. It seems inevitable that the computer will become a major tool in future philosophical research. Here I offer an overview of explorations in philosophical computer modeling that we in the Group for Logic and Formal Semantics at SUNY Stony Brook have undertaken: explorations regarding (1) the potential emergence of cooperation in a society of egoists, (2) self-reference and paradox in fuzzy logic, (3) a fractal approach to formal systems, and (4) on-going explorations with models for the emergence of communication. The attempt is not to give a detailed report on any of these but to give a bird s-eye view of them all, emphasizing the general form that the models take, the philosophical motivations behind them, and the kinds of philosophical results that they may have to offer.     

Effects of hands-free cellular phone conversational cognitive tasks on driving stability based on driving simulation experiment

Driver distraction due to cellular phone usage is a major contributing factor to road crashes. This study compares the effects of conversational cognitive tasks using hands-free cellular phone on driving performance under three distraction conditions: (1) no distraction (no cellular conversation), (2) normal conversation (non-emotional cellular conversation), and (3) seven-level mathematical calculations. A car-following scenario was implemented using a driving simulator. Thirty young drivers with an average age of 24.1 years maintained a constant speed and distance between the subject vehicle and a leading vehicle on the driving simulator, and then respond to the leading vehicle’s emergency stop. The driving performances were assessed by collecting and statistically analyzing several variables of maneuver stability: the drivers’ brake reaction times, driving speed fluctuation, car-following distance undulation, and car-following time-headway undulation. The results revealed that normal conversation on a hands-free cellular phone impaired driving performance. The degree of impairment caused by normal calculation was equivalent to the distraction caused by Level 3 mathematical calculations according to the seven-level calculation baseline. The calculation difficulty of Level 3 is one double-digit figure plus a single-digit figure, and non-carry addition mental arithmetic is required, e.g., 44 + 4. The results indicated that an increase in the level of complexity of the calculation task was associated with an increase in brake reaction time. The seven-level calculation-task baseline could be applied to measure additional distraction effects on driving performance for further comparison.