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71.
School Subjects as Social Categorisations 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The present study set out to examine school subjects in terms of social categorisations of a child’s educability. A group
of academically educated (N = 180) and vocationally educated parents (N = 249) with a child in the third grade of comprehensive school were asked to indicate their child’s strongest and weakest
school subject and to give reasons for their choices. The parents’ most frequent choices for both the strongest and the weakest
subject turned out to be mathematics and Finnish, which substantiates the pivotal role of the cognitive-verbal competencies
in defining the child’s educability. The choices were guided by the child’s gender, so that mathematics was typically regarded
as the strongest subject of boys and the weakest subject of girls and conversely, Finnish was regarded as the strongest subject
of girls and the weakest subject of boys. The parent’s educational position organised the reasons given for the subject choices
so that self-serving attribution was stronger among the academically educated than the vocationally educated parents, suggesting
that the parents’ education relates to the trust they place on their child’s educational potential. 相似文献
72.
The “top-down” and “bottom-up” approaches have been thought to exhaust the possibilities for doing cognitive neuroscience. We argue that neither approach is likely to succeed in providing a theory that enables us to understand how cognition is achieved in biological creatures like ourselves. We consider a promising third way of doing cognitive neuroscience, what might be called the “neural dynamic systems” approach, that construes cognitive neuroscience as an autonomous explanatory endeavor, aiming to characterize in its own terms the states and processes responsible for brain-based cognition. We sketch the basic motivation for the approach, describe a particular version of the approach, so-called ‘Dynamic Causal Modeling’ (DCM), and consider a concrete example of DCM. This third way, we argue, has the potential to avoid the problems that afflict the other two approaches. 相似文献
73.
74.
75.
CAI Weixin 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2018,13(3):402
The causal exclusion problem is often considered as one of the major difficulties for which non-reductive physicalists have no easy solution to offer. Some non-reductive physicalists address this problem by arguing that mental properties are to some extent causally autonomous. If this is the case, then mental properties will not be causally excluded by their physical realizers because causation, in general, is a relation between properties of the same level. In this paper, I argue that the response from causal autonomy cannot be successful for two reasons. First, it does not offer a satisfactory explanation for how mental particulars can have causal efficacy in a non-reductive physicalist framework. Second, the causal considerations underpinning this response do not really support the conclusion that mental properties are causally autonomous. 相似文献
76.
Igor Hanzel 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2008,39(2):273-301
The paper tries to provide an alternative to Hempel’s approach to scientific laws and scientific explanation as given in his
D-N model. It starts with a brief exposition of the main characteristics of Hempel’s approach to deductive explanations based
on universal scientific laws and analyzes the problems and paradoxes inherent in this approach. By way of solution, it analyzes
the scientific laws and explanations in classical mechanics and then reconstructs the corresponding models of explanation,
as well as the types of scientific laws appearing in it. Finally, it compares this reconstruction with the approaches of J.
Woodward and C. Hitchcock, C. Liu and with the views of M. Thalos on analytic mechanics.
相似文献
Igor HanzelEmail: |
77.
Marjorie Hall Davis 《Zygon》2008,43(3):665-680
This essay explores some relationships between social structures or systems and the internal psychological structures or systems of individuals. After defining evil, pastoral counseling, and structures or systems, I present examples of persons affected by social systems of power who have sought counseling. I present a form of counseling known as Internal Family System Therapy (IFS) and show with an extended example how I have worked with clients using this approach. In this process the client is guided to use “Self‐leadership” in healing and transforming inner conflict between various subpersonalities or “parts.” I then compare the IFS approach to one used by mediators in community conflict transformation and peacebuilding. 相似文献
78.
This study investigated children's, adolescents', and adults' references to an actor's goals when explaining interpersonal actions. Participants were presented with eight brief stories containing a variety of social events and were asked to explain why the actor in each story performed the central action. Children, adolescents, and adults mentioned goals for most of the stories. Adults and adolescents mentioned psychological goals much more often than did children. Older children, adolescents, and adults mentioned complex psychological goals more often than did younger children. Younger children often mentioned instrumental or social goals. When making goal attributions, children, adolescents, and adults considered both the nature of the action and the social context in which it occurred. Participants mentioned psychological goals more often when explaining an antisocial action and social goals when explaining a prosocial action. Participants were also more likely to mention psychological goals when interpersonal events immediately preceding the central action were described. Thus, goals were offered as explanations for interpersonal actions by all age groups, but the type of goals mentioned varied by the age of the participant, the social context, and the valence of the action. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
79.
GARY BARTLETT 《Metaphilosophy》2008,39(2):163-184
Abstract: A new position in the philosophy of mind has recently appeared: the extended mind hypothesis (EMH). Some of its proponents think the EMH, which says that a subject's mental states can extend into the local environment, shows that internalism is false. I argue that this is wrong. The EMH does not refute internalism; in fact, it necessarily does not do so. The popular assumption that the EMH spells trouble for internalists is premised on a bad characterization of the internalist thesis—albeit one that most internalists have adhered to. I show that internalism is entirely compatible with the EMH. This view should prompt us to reconsider the characterization of internalism, and in conclusion I make some brief remarks about how that project might proceed. 相似文献
80.
归因是怎样影响假设思维的 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
考察了归因这一外力对假设思维的影响。研究发现归因对假设思维的影响与选择原因大小成正比与事件后果严重程度成反比。当选择原因相对后果而言足够大时,假设思维将不服从“特例-常规”规律。在此基础上,根据是否存在外力将事件分为被迫事件和自由事件,并提出“特例-常规”规律(或是“做-不做”规律)只适合自由事件而不是所有事件。这一结果部分地解释了长期存在于实验研究与现场研究中的假设思维所表现出的差异。 相似文献