防艾宣传大学生对艾滋病患者的内隐态度与交往意愿

目的：探讨大学生防艾宣传者对艾滋病患者的内隐态度。方法：采用自编大学生与艾滋病患者交往意愿调查问卷,通过测量获得对艾滋病患者有较高交往意愿的防艾宣传者100名,并随机抽取其中30名作为实验被试,完成了两组内隐联想测验（IAT）。结果：当艾滋病相关词与普通正性词相联以及非艾滋类乙型传染病与普通负性词相联时,其平均反应时低于艾滋病与一般消极性词相联及非艾滋类乙型传染病与普通正性词相联时的反应时;当艾滋病相关词与正性人际词相联以及非艾滋类乙型传染病与负性人际词相联时,其平均反应时与艾滋病和负性人际词相联及非艾滋类乙型传染病与正性人际词相联时的反应时无统计学意义的差异。结论：大学生防艾宣传者对各类传染病患者的内隐交往意愿处于同一水平,但相对于非艾滋类乙型传染病而言,其对艾滋病患者的消极厌恶水平较低。     

从刻板印象到类属性思维

本文介绍了类属性思维准确性的定义和研究历史,着重阐述了与类属性思维准确性有关的理论模型：Allpon的分类学说,McCauley的或然性模型以及EPA模型。不可否认类属性思维中有偏见成分的存在,但准确性也是其构成中不可忽视的一部分,因此,任何理由的厚此薄彼都是不应该的。     

流畅性对自然概念类别检索的影响

探讨不同转换条件下,流畅性对自然概念类别检索的影响.实验1探讨自由转换条件下,流畅性对自然概念类别检索的影响.实验2探讨限制转换条件下,流畅性对自然概念类别检索的影响.结果表明:两种转换条件下,对熟悉性流畅性一致类别的检索时间策略主要受到根据熟悉性形成的知晓感的调节和监控.对熟悉性流畅性不一致的类别,知晓感的形成主要受流畅性的影响,并以此来控制和调节检索时间策略.     

Chinese deaf adolescents' free recall of taxonomic, slot-filler, and thematic categories

Four experiments were conducted to show that deaf adolescents tended to process information in different ways from hearing adolescents. Memorizing items sequentially shown on computer screens under the control of their articulators' movements, deaf adolescents tended to treat items that cohered as taxonomic, thematic, or slot-filler categories as isolated pieces of information. Having to perceive information by means of sign language, however, their achievements were not worse than those of hearing adolescents anymore, no matter whether the stimuli were presented as words or pictures. They could not only utilize categories relations to help memorize categories exemplars but were relatively better aware of slot-filler or thematic than taxonomic relations as well, suggesting that they had a relatively delayed development of taxonomic category representations in comparison with hearing adolescents.     

On anxiety-specific actions of tranquilizers

Abstract

This study examined the role of social support in the relationship between work demand and psychological distress (GHQ 12) in correctional officers (N=419), a high stress occupational group. Work demands were positively associated with strain. There was no evidence that social support buffered the negative impact of work demands. Rather, consistent with most previous research findings, support showed direct benefits and these were discussed in the context of worker participation and control. The hypothesis that officers high in negative affectivity, as measured by trait anxiety would show greater reactivity to work demands was not supported. However, trait anxiety appeared to inflate the relationship between work stressors (work demand and work support) and psychological distress supporting recent suggestions that the role of trait anxiety in occupational stress should not be disregarded. Trait anxiety combined additively with work demand to predict individual differences in psychological distress, however social support moderated the impact of trait anxiety on strain.     

The Role of Oculomotor Information in the Learning of Sequential Aiming Movements

With their eyes initially on either the home, midline, or final end position, 30 participants practiced a 2-target aiming movement. After 120 acquisition trials, participants performed a retention test and were then transferred to each of the other 2 eye conditions. During acquisition, all groups improved over practice, but the home group showed the greatest improvement. The temporal improvement was most pronounced in the times spent after peak velocity. Retention and transfer tests indicated that participants performed best under eye-movement conditions that were the same as the 1 they had practiced in. There was also positive transfer of training between conditions in which the oculomotor information was similar. Thus, to optimize learning, one should practice under the same afferent and oculomotor conditions that will be required for the final performance.     

人类面孔早期加工特异性神经机制

在面孔识别研究领域中,大量研究探讨人类对这一类刺激的加工是否具有与其他刺激不同的认知神经机制,即面孔的加工具有领域特异性还是过程特异性？由于各类研究使用的方法各不相同,导致对这一问题的回答尚缺乏一致性。本研究假设,如果面孔刺激具有特异性,无论在何种任务被试采用何种加工方式下,人类面孔N170反应在统计值上均显著高于其他类别的N170反应;相反,面孔与其他刺激在N170上则没有统计上的差异。研究将人类面孔、动物面孔、水果／蔬菜、房屋4类刺激呈现在不同任务设置下,测量人类面孔在不同任务中与各类刺激间的早期反应差异。当前研究结果发现,人类面孔在不同任务中始终保持着比其他刺激更为显著的ERPs（Event-Related Potentials,ERPs）反应优势,表现在额中部的早期正成分VPP和右侧颞枕部负成分N170对人类面孔反应幅度显著高于其他三类刺激的。人类面孔与其他刺激的ERP间差异反应模式在不同任务下相对稳定,并末发现动物面孔有类似效应。研究结果支持人类面孔加工的领域特异性说法。     

项目诊断性在特征推理中作用的研究

该研究在Murphy等人2005年研究的基础上,探讨了项目诊断性对特征推理的影响。实验1探讨归类情况下,项目诊断性对特征推理的影响。实验2探讨不归类情况下,项目诊断性对特征推理的影响。实验结果表明,归类与否决定项目诊断性是否影响特征推理。在归类情况下,高低两种诊断性条件下的特征概率判断没有差异,表明归类情况下,项目诊断性不影响特征推理;在不归类的情况下,高低两种诊断性条件下的特征概率判断存在显著差异,表明不归类情况下,项目诊断性影响特征推理。     

A Dilemma for Kant's Theory of Substance

This paper poses a dilemma for applying the category of substance given Kant's different conceptions of substance in the Critique of Pure Reason. Briefly stated, if the category of substance applies to an omnipresent and sempiternal substance, then although this would ensure that all experiences of empirical objects take place in a common spatiotemporal framework, one could not individuate these empirical objects and experience their alterations. If the category of substance applies to ordinary empirical objects, however, then although one could individuate these substances and experience their alterations, the category would not pick out a common spatiotemporal framework for these experiences. I will argue that this dilemma can be overcome by examining the development of Kant's conception of substance in his final work, the Opus postumum.     

Assessing human reorientation ability inside virtual reality environments: the effects of retention interval and landmark characteristics

The purpose of the present study was to assess the navigational behaviour of adult humans following a disorientation procedure that perturbed their egocentric frame of reference. The assessment was carried out in a virtual reality (VR) environment by manipulating the disorientation procedure, the retention interval, the relative positions of target and landmark. The results of experiment I demonstrated that adding a physical rotation to a virtual disorientation procedure did not yield an additional decrease in searching performance. The results of experiment II showed that shortening the delay between study and test phase decreased the errors more markedly for geometric than landmark ones. An orientation specificity effect due to the manipulation of the relative position between target and landmark was discussed across the experiments. In conclusion, VR seemed to be a valuable method for studying human reorientation. Moreover, the virtual experimental setting involved here promoted knowledge of the relationship between working memory and spatial reorientation paradigm.