真实记忆与虚假记忆中的生命性效应研究

本研究采用DRM范式,探讨了生命性对真实和虚假记忆的影响。实验1使用类别呈现词语强化类别加工,实验2伪随机呈现词语弱化类别加工并进行即时及延时探测。结果发现：（1）当强化类别加工时,生命性和类别对击中率有相类似的促进效应;（2）当弱化类别加工并进行即时探测时,生命性对击中率的促进作用最强;（3）类别效应促进真实记忆和虚假记忆,但生命性效应仅促进了真实记忆,而不影响虚假记忆的产生;（4）在即时与延时探测中均发现类别效应和生命性效应。本研究证明了：（1）生命性效应的作用机制不同于类别效应;（2）生命性效应对真实和虚假记忆的作用机制不同;（3）类别效应和生命性效应的存在时效长达24小时,但是生命性效应的衰退速度较快。     

特征的呈现方式对类别学习中规则和相似性知识获得的影响

采用原型变异任务,通过操纵规则和相似性特征的呈现通道,探讨特征的呈现方式对类别学习中规则和相似性知识获得的影响。结果发现,在听觉-视觉条件下习得规则的人数显著多于习得相似性的人数,而在视觉-听觉和视觉-视觉条件下则不存在显著差异;并且,三种条件下习得规则的正确率都高于习得相似性的正确率。这说明特征的呈现方式影响对规则和相似性特征的习得,在听觉通道呈现规则时被试更倾向基于规则分类。     

试析联结主义范式对婴儿发展的解释

用联结主义范式作为解释婴儿发展的机制已成为当前认知发展研究的新趋势。本文以婴儿分类和客体永久性为范例,分析了这一范式在解释婴儿发展方面的理论潜力及不足。     

汉语词类歧义解决(Ⅱ)

采用眼动记录阅读范式,考察汉语词类歧义解决过程。阅读材料为含有单字词类歧义词的句子,歧义词前面的语境不提供明确的偏向性信息,后语境提供解歧信息。结果发现,当后语境支持次要用法时,歧义词及后面第一个解歧区的总阅读时间加长,歧义词后第二个解歧区的回扫次数增多,而当后语境支持主要用法时没有出现类似的现象,表明相对频率能够即时影响词类歧义解决过程,结果支持基于制约的模型。文章对汉语词类歧义解决过程、不同实验技术及其引起的差异进行了讨论。     

类别特征的相似性与竞争性对归类的影响

探讨新项目特征的性质对归类的影响。共包括两个实验,被试是华南师范大学180名二年级本科生。研究材料分两部分,学习材料是两类昆虫的若干类别成员,每类昆虫有6种特征;测试材料则是与学习材料的类别成员有不同相似性或竞争性的新项目,要求被试经过学习之后对新项目进行归类,然后对被试归类的一致性或确信度进行分析。实验1主要探讨新项目与类别成员相似性对归类的影响;实验2主要探讨新项目特征的竞争性对归类的影响。结果表明,匹配特征数量及其概率是相似性的两个构成因素,它们与新项目的归类概率成正比,而对立特征数量及其概率则是竞争性的两个构成因素,它们均与新项目的归类概率成反比。     

A little labeling goes a long way: Semi‐supervised learning in infancy

There is considerable evidence that labeling supports infants' object categorization. Yet in daily life, most of the category exemplars that infants encounter will remain unlabeled. Inspired by recent evidence from machine learning, we propose that infants successfully exploit this sparsely labeled input through “semi‐supervised learning.” Providing only a few labeled exemplars leads infants to initiate the process of categorization, after which they can integrate all subsequent exemplars, labeled or unlabeled, into their evolving category representations. Using a classic novelty preference task, we introduced 2‐year‐old infants (n = 96) to a novel object category, varying whether and when its exemplars were labeled. Infants were equally successful whether all exemplars were labeled (fully supervised condition) or only the first two exemplars were labeled (semi‐supervised condition), but they failed when no exemplars were labeled (unsupervised condition). Furthermore, the timing of the labeling mattered: when the labeled exemplars were provided at the end, rather than the beginning, of familiarization (reversed semi‐supervised condition), infants failed to learn the category. This provides the first evidence of semi‐supervised learning in infancy, revealing that infants excel at learning from exactly the kind of input that they typically receive in acquiring real‐world categories and their names.     

颜色类别知觉效应的机制：语言的作用

颜色类别知觉效应(Category Perception, CP效应)表明, 在颜色之间物理差异距离相等的前提下, 个体区分不同类别的颜色比区分同一类别的颜色更快、更准确。这一效应产生的机制成为普遍进化理论和Sapir-Whorf假设之间争论的重要证据。支持CP效应由语言驱动的学者提出了CP效应单侧化、受语言即时任务影响、跨语言研究和神经生理机制等证据, 以表明语言在CP效应中起决定性的作用; 支持CP效应具有普遍性的学者以CP效应双侧化、婴儿的CP效应、跨语言的反证等证据提出了质疑。近年来, 出现了第三种观点, 认为在颜色CP效应中语言驱动机制和普遍机制并存, 这种理论是普遍进化理论和Whorf假设的折衷观点。从支持CP效应由语言驱动的证据、支持CP效应独立于语言的证据以及支持两种机制并存的观点等三个方面入手, 可分析颜色CP效应的产生机制及语言在其中所起的作用, 未来研究可从概念系统渗入知觉系统的角度进行拓展。     

Asymmetric interference in 3‐ to 4‐month‐olds' sequential category learning

Three‐ to 4‐month‐old infants show asymmetric exclusivity in the acquisition of cat and dog perceptual categories. The cat perceptual category excludes dog exemplars, but the dog perceptual category does not exclude cat exemplars. We describe a connectionist autoencoder model of perceptual categorization that shows the same asymmetries as infants. The model predicts the presence of asymmetric retroactive interference when infants acquire cat and dog categories sequentially. A subsequent experiment conducted with 3‐ to 4‐month‐olds verifies the predicted pattern of looking time behaviors. We argue that bottom‐up, associative learning systems with distributed representations are appropriate for modeling the operation of short‐term visual memory in early perceptual category learning.