基于理论观的类别研究进展

介绍了西方类别研究中基于理论的观点及其研究进展。该理论强调知识背景对所形成的类别表征的影响,主张类别知识的组织是多范畴的,不同的学习任务可以导致基于原型或样例的类别表征,类别知识的运用反过来也会影响原有的类别表征。按时间顺序对理论观的产生、主要观点和经典研究进行了总结。     

汉语词类歧义解决(Ⅱ)

采用眼动记录阅读范式,考察汉语词类歧义解决过程。阅读材料为含有单字词类歧义词的句子,歧义词前面的语境不提供明确的偏向性信息,后语境提供解歧信息。结果发现,当后语境支持次要用法时,歧义词及后面第一个解歧区的总阅读时间加长,歧义词后第二个解歧区的回扫次数增多,而当后语境支持主要用法时没有出现类似的现象,表明相对频率能够即时影响词类歧义解决过程,结果支持基于制约的模型。文章对汉语词类歧义解决过程、不同实验技术及其引起的差异进行了讨论。     

类别特征的相似性与竞争性对归类的影响

探讨新项目特征的性质对归类的影响。共包括两个实验,被试是华南师范大学180名二年级本科生。研究材料分两部分,学习材料是两类昆虫的若干类别成员,每类昆虫有6种特征;测试材料则是与学习材料的类别成员有不同相似性或竞争性的新项目,要求被试经过学习之后对新项目进行归类,然后对被试归类的一致性或确信度进行分析。实验1主要探讨新项目与类别成员相似性对归类的影响;实验2主要探讨新项目特征的竞争性对归类的影响。结果表明,匹配特征数量及其概率是相似性的两个构成因素,它们与新项目的归类概率成正比,而对立特征数量及其概率则是竞争性的两个构成因素,它们均与新项目的归类概率成反比。     

社会图式的范畴化

社会图式是社会认知中一个非常重要的概念,随着社会认知“暖“研究的进展,社会图式的研究越来越重视社会情景和人的情感对认知的影响,并大量渗透着范畴化的思想.文章综合了近年来国内外有关方面的研究,阐述了社会图式中范畴化研究的成果,包括范畴的激活、运用和控制.     

关系复杂性对关系类别间接性学习的影响

以216名大学生为被试,使用关系复杂性变化的三种虚拟外星生物实验材料,创设个人功能预测的关系类别的间接性学习条件和参照性交流功能预测的关系类别的间接性学习条件,探讨关系复杂性对关系类别间接性学习的影响。结果发现:关系类别的功能预测间接性学习过程中,关系复杂性和学习条件的交互作用极其显著,具体来讲,关系复杂性对关系类别间接性学习的影响仅显著地表现在参照性交流关系类别间接性学习过程中;当学习材料为4特征复杂关系时,参照条件下被试功能预测成绩极其显著高于个人条件,当学习材料为6特征复杂关系加二阶同功能简单关系时,两种学习条件间不存在显著差异,当学习材料为6特征复杂关系加二阶异功能简单关系时,个人条件极其显著高于参照条件。     

A little labeling goes a long way: Semi‐supervised learning in infancy

There is considerable evidence that labeling supports infants' object categorization. Yet in daily life, most of the category exemplars that infants encounter will remain unlabeled. Inspired by recent evidence from machine learning, we propose that infants successfully exploit this sparsely labeled input through “semi‐supervised learning.” Providing only a few labeled exemplars leads infants to initiate the process of categorization, after which they can integrate all subsequent exemplars, labeled or unlabeled, into their evolving category representations. Using a classic novelty preference task, we introduced 2‐year‐old infants (n = 96) to a novel object category, varying whether and when its exemplars were labeled. Infants were equally successful whether all exemplars were labeled (fully supervised condition) or only the first two exemplars were labeled (semi‐supervised condition), but they failed when no exemplars were labeled (unsupervised condition). Furthermore, the timing of the labeling mattered: when the labeled exemplars were provided at the end, rather than the beginning, of familiarization (reversed semi‐supervised condition), infants failed to learn the category. This provides the first evidence of semi‐supervised learning in infancy, revealing that infants excel at learning from exactly the kind of input that they typically receive in acquiring real‐world categories and their names.     

颜色类别知觉效应的机制：语言的作用

颜色类别知觉效应(Category Perception, CP效应)表明, 在颜色之间物理差异距离相等的前提下, 个体区分不同类别的颜色比区分同一类别的颜色更快、更准确。这一效应产生的机制成为普遍进化理论和Sapir-Whorf假设之间争论的重要证据。支持CP效应由语言驱动的学者提出了CP效应单侧化、受语言即时任务影响、跨语言研究和神经生理机制等证据, 以表明语言在CP效应中起决定性的作用; 支持CP效应具有普遍性的学者以CP效应双侧化、婴儿的CP效应、跨语言的反证等证据提出了质疑。近年来, 出现了第三种观点, 认为在颜色CP效应中语言驱动机制和普遍机制并存, 这种理论是普遍进化理论和Whorf假设的折衷观点。从支持CP效应由语言驱动的证据、支持CP效应独立于语言的证据以及支持两种机制并存的观点等三个方面入手, 可分析颜色CP效应的产生机制及语言在其中所起的作用, 未来研究可从概念系统渗入知觉系统的角度进行拓展。     

Memory for object locations: Priority effect and sex differences in associative spatial learning

This paper reports two experiments conducted to examine priority effects and sex differences in object location memory. A new task of paired position-learning was designed, based on the A–B A–C paradigm, which was used in paired word learning. There were three different paired position-learning conditions: (1) positions of several different objects (B-objects and C-objects) around referent objects (A-objects) were learned in the A–B A–C position-learning condition, (2) positions of several different objects with no referent objects were learned in the 0–B 0–C position-learning condition, and (3) positions of identical objects (stars) with no referent objects were learned in the 0-star 0-star position-only condition. The results revealed a significant priority effect on performance in the A–B A–C and the 0–B 0–C position-learning conditions but not in the 0-star 0-star position-only condition. Contradictory results were obtained with respect to the sex variable: a female superiority effect on paired position learning was significant in Experiment 1, but this effect was not replicated in Experiment 2. In addition, an articulatory suppression task used in Experiment 2 had a significant effect on recall of different object positions but no effect on recall of identical object positions. This suggested that verbal encoding was not necessary for learning of positions of identical objects.     

An Institution-independent Proof of the Beth Definability Theorem

A few results generalizing well-known classical model theory ones have been obtained in institution theory these last two decades (e.g. Craig interpolation, ultraproduct, elementary diagrams). In this paper, we propose a generalized institution-independent version of the Beth definability theorem. Presented by Robert Goldblatt     

对归纳推理非对称性现象的特征迁移解释

作者创新提出对归纳推理非对称性现象的特征迁移解释,认为根据由前提类别已知的特征集合构成的特征样本中迁移出现在结论类别中的特征的比例,能预测作为新特征的归纳特征由前提类别迁移到结论类别的可能性。以大学生为被试的实验结果支持对非对称性现象的特征迁移解释而不是原来的两种相似性解释。