The effect of respondents' nationality and familiarity with a product category on the importance of product attributes in consumer choice: Globalization and the evaluation of domestic and foreign products

This study compared the perceptions of 376 Japanese and 191 Canadian consumers concerning the importance of different product attributes for categories of products at various stages of globalization. There was less multivariate statistical difference between the two countries for those products at a more advanced stage of globalization (consumer electronics and clothing vs. food). The joint effects of the degree of familiarity with the category of product and the country of the respondent on the importance of the product attributes were tested. The effect of familiarity was found to result in a significant statistical multivariate difference for the clothing category only. The observed statistical power of the effect of country of respondent confirmed that more statistical difference was apparent for the least globalized product. No multivariate significant statistical interaction was found between familiarity and country of respondent. Using a multi-attribute model, the evaluation of the three categories of product was computed for seven different countries of manufacture. Comparison of the total scores of each country for each product category for the Japanese and the Canadian samples confirmed that the most globalized product showed least difference in its evaluation between countries of manufacture. A well-known strong bias toward domestic products was, however, observed in both samples.     

Completeness Theorems via the Double Dual Functor

The aim of this paper is to apply properties of the double dual endofunctor on the category of bounded distributive lattices and some extensions thereof to obtain completeness of certain non-classical propositional logics in a unified way. In particular, we obtain completeness theorems for Moisil calculus, n-valued Łukasiewicz calculus and Nelson calculus. Furthermore we show some conservativeness results by these methods. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Learning on Work Placement: The Narrative Development of Social Competence

This paper explores the development of social competence by examining examples of research interviews conducted with 35 British undergraduate students on work placements. Work placement schemes are a characteristic of contemporary higher education, which is particularly geared towards students’ development of employability and transferable skills. Among these skills is that of social competence which is often taken for granted as emerging from normative adult developmental processes. Research on social competence is mostly confined to developmental psychology and focused on studying children and adolescents in their social settings. Moreover, the methodology of social competence is often developed from a child-developmental perspective, neglecting the situation-specific development beyond childhood. The paper argues that social competence is examinable as situated discursive practice and that it is essential to understanding career development. Membership categorisation analysis identifies the participant’s fluid positioning in narrating experiences of work and university. Lastly the paper addresses implications for theories of development and learning and considers ways in which this study can be expanded in the future.

类别学习的神经心理学研究

类别学习的神经心理学研究是检验类别学习理论的一种有效研究范式,它有助于我们对类别学习理论的深入理解,以及对认知活动过程和脑机制的认识。作者对基底神经节功能障碍患者、遗忘症患者和其他类型的神经症患者的类别学习研究进行了回顾,对这些研究可能存在的单系统理论和多系统理论解释进行了讨论,并指出了研究中可能存在的取样偏差问题和未来研究中需要在研究手段、研究设计、被试取样等方面加以改进的建议     

信息线索变化条件下“性别/年龄”多重社会范畴的加工特性

选取40名老年人和38名年轻人做被试,以同时携带“年龄-性别”信息、体现着社会多重范畴的面孔作为靶子刺激,探究年龄或性别范畴中某一范畴发生变化时,多重社会范畴的类别化加工特性以及各个子范畴的类别化加工之间的相互关系。在此基础上进一步探讨了不同年龄（老年人-青年人）和性别（男性-女性）的认知者在面对社会多重范畴时相应的类别化加工过程是否存在差异。结果发现：当年龄或者性别中的某个社会范畴发生变化时,另一社会范畴的类别化加工未能达到完全自动化加工水平。具体地,年龄类别化加工的自动化程度高于性别;老年人对于面孔中的社会范畴信息的加工速度慢于年轻人;对老年面孔中的社会范畴信息进行加工需要耗费更多的认知资源;相对于老年女性而言,认知者更加偏好年轻女性的面孔。     

部分呈现条件下类别分类学习中的信息表征机制

先前研究者普遍认为, 类别推理学习条件下可以同时表征诊断性信息和非诊断性信息, 而类别分类学习条件下中只能表征诊断性信息, 不能表征非诊断性信息。而最近又有研究者发现部分呈现条件下的类别分类学习可以表征非诊断性信息。本研究通过两个实验系统比较了全部呈现和部分呈现条件下类别分类学习的结果, 进一步探讨了分类学习条件下信息的表征情况, 并进一步探讨了部分呈现条件下的分类学习能够表征非诊断性信息的原因。实验1发现全部呈现6个特征、缺失1个特征(即部分呈现5个特征)、缺失2个特征(即部分呈现4个特征)3种条件下都能表征诊断性信息, 但只有部分呈现条件下能表征非诊断性信息。实验2发现全部呈现7个特征、缺失2个特征(即部分呈现5个特征)、全部呈现5个特征3种条件下都能表征诊断性信息, 但只有部分呈现条件下能表征非诊断性信息。总的实验结果表明：全部呈现条件下的分类学习只能表征诊断性信息, 而部分呈现条件下的分类学习能够同时表征诊断性信息和非诊断性信息, 并且部分呈现条件下表征非诊断性信息的原因是被试进行了推理学习, 而非注意广度的变化。     

类别学习中的分类和推理

该文介绍了类别学习中的分类和推理两种任务,并从学习的条件、过程、结果和发展等方面的归纳了当前研究的最新进展。表明了类别的分类学习和推理学习有相同的形式,但学习的信息处理过程和学习的结果不同。分类学习关注类别间的区分性信息,更可能是样例学习结果;推理学习更为关注单个类别内部的共同性信息,更可能是原型学习结果。这方面的结论强化了基于解释的观点。     

塞辅音范畴通达的时间进程：来自语境效应的证据

采用语境效应范式,以汉语听者为被试,在三个实验中考察了塞辅音声学信息和语音信息激活的时间进程。实验1语境刺激是/ta/、/ka/音节和/ta/、/ka/塞音段的声学模拟音,目标刺激是/ta/-/ka/对比连续体,结果发现,塞音声学信息激活没有产生语境效应。实验2语境刺激是/ta/、/ka/音节和/ta/、/ka/塞音段,结果发现塞音语音信息激活产生了显著的对比语境效应。实验3变化塞音段和目标刺激之间的间隔,系统考察塞音范畴通达的时间进程,结果发现,塞音知觉中听觉加工阶段向语音加工阶段的转变约发生于刺激加工后120 ms。实验结果揭示了塞辅音知觉中音位范畴通达的时间进程。     

Exemplars in the mist: the cognitive substrate of the representativeness heuristic

The idea that people often make probability judgments by a heuristic short-cut, the representativeness heuristic, has been widely influential, but also criticized for being vague. The empirical trademark of the heuristic is characteristic deviations between normative probabilities and judgments (e.g., the conjunction fallacy, base-rate neglect). In this article the authors contrast two hypotheses concerning the cognitive substrate of the representativeness heuristic, the prototype hypothesis (Kahneman & Frederick, 2002) and the exemplar hypothesis (Juslin & Persson, 2002), in a task especially designed to elicit representativeness effects. Computational modelling and an experiment reveal that representativeness effects are evident early in training and persist longer in a more complex task environment and that the data are best accounted for by a model implementing the exemplar hypothesis.     

知觉和概念信息对3岁儿童归纳推理的影响

采用经典的三角归纳范式(Gelman & Markman,1986)研究了3岁儿童的归纳推理及其影响因素。采用龙长权、路晓英、李红和范籍丹(2008)的研究中相同的实验材料和程序,测试了3岁儿童的归纳,结果表明3岁儿童基于知觉相似和基于概念类别之间的差异不显著(实验一)。增加了与靶刺激在知觉上不相似且不属于同一类别的分心刺激之后,3岁儿童能够忽略分心刺激,表明3岁儿童不是在随机猜测(实验二)。分类实验表明3岁儿童能够根据概念关系对实验材料中的项目进行分类,表明3岁儿童具有关于实验项目的概念知识(实验三)。提高概念比较刺激与靶刺激的知觉相似程度,降低知觉比较刺激和概念比较刺激与靶刺激在知觉相似上的冲突程度之后,3岁儿童基于知觉相似和基于概念类别选择之间的差异仍不显著,表明抑制控制不是导致儿童在实验一中表现出基于知觉相似和基于概念类别之间差异不显著的原因(实验四)。降低概念比较刺激与靶刺激之间的类别等级结构,使概念比较刺激与靶刺激属于相同的基本水平类别时,3岁儿童能够主要基于概念类别进行归纳(实验五)。增加经典三角测试的前提的数量,3岁儿童也能主要基于概念类别进行归纳(实验六)。这些研究表明,3岁儿童在一定条件下能够基于概念类别进行归纳,多个因素能够影响3岁儿童在三角测试中的表现。