父亲参照效应的语言与文化差异：来自提取诱发遗忘的证据

采用提取诱发遗忘范式考察维吾尔族人和汉族人在自我参照、父亲参照和他人参照下的记忆特点, 发现维吾尔族被试在自我参照下和父亲参照下均未出现提取诱发遗忘, 在一般他人参照下出现提取诱发遗忘, 说明在维吾尔人中父亲参照加工与自我参照加工相较于一般他人参照加工存在优势; 汉族被试仅在自我参照下未出现提取诱发遗忘, 在父亲参照下和他人参照下均出现了提取诱发遗忘, 说明在汉族被试中仅有自我参照加工相较于一般他人参照加工具有优势, 父亲参照加工并未表现出同样的优势。这表明, 不同的语言和文化影响个体的自我建构, 父亲仅出现在维吾尔族人的自我建构中, 在姓名结构中父名与本名共现与否是影响两个民族自我建构差异的重要因素。     

Developing Clear and Useful Scoring Procedures for Goal Attainment Scaling in Longitudinal Case Studies

This article examines scoring procedures for Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS) and suggests a new scoring procedure to communicate GAS outcomes in longitudinal studies. Analysis is based on longitudinal case studies that evaluate transitioning from psychiatric institutions to independent living. Five scoring methods are identified: raw scores; sum of score differences; mean scores; T-scores; and graphing raw scores. Graphing raw scores is presented as an alternative method of expressing GAS scores for studies with few participants and multiple time points. This enables easy interpretation of goal attainment, and allows for fluctuation in performance as is typical in clinical practice.     

Logical Argument Structures in Decision-making

Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca's practical reasoning theory has attracted a great deal of interest since its publication in 1969. Their most important assertion, however, that argument is the logical basis for practical decision-making, has been under-utilized, primarily because it was not sufficiently operationalized for research purposes. This essay presents an operationalization of practical reasoning for use in analyzing argument logics that emerge through group interaction. Particular elements of discourse and argument are identified as responding to principles put forward by Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca, and are viewed as fitting together in a kind of logical argument structure that is well suited to the study of practical arguments in decision-making. Both the content elements and the logical argument structure are illustrated using examples from two studies examining decision logics in public participation and jury decision-making. Advantages of this approach and proposed recognition of a new `filtered' type of argument structure are discussed.     

Computational aspects of the greatest lower bound to the reliability and constrained minimum trace factor analysis

In the last decade several algorithms for computing the greatest lower bound to reliability or the constrained minimum-trace communality solution in factor analysis have been developed. In this paper convergence properties of these methods are examined. Instead of using Lagrange multipliers a new theorem is applied that gives a sufficient condition for a symmetric matrix to be Gramian. Whereas computational pitfalls for two methods suggested by Woodhouse and Jackson can be constructed it is shown that a slightly modified version of one method suggested by Bentler and Woodward can safely be applied to any set of data. A uniqueness proof for the solution desired is offered.The authors are obliged to Charles Lewis and Dirk Knol for helpful comments, and to Frank Brokken and Henk Camstra for developing computer programs.     

Critiques of Casuistry and Why They Are Mistaken

Casuistic methods of reasoning in medical ethics have been criticized by a number of authors. At least five main objections to casuistry have been put forward: (1) it requires a uniformity of views that is not present in contemporary pluralistic society; (2) it cannot achieve consensus on controversial issues; (3) it is unable to examine critically intuitions about cases; (4) it yields different conclusions about cases when alternative paradigms are chosen; and (5) it cannot articulate the grounds of its conclusions. Two main versions of casuistry have been put forward, and the responses to these objections depend in part on which version one is defending. Jonsen has advocated a version modeled on the approach to casuistry used by moral theologians in the 15th and 16th century, involving comparison of the case at hand with a single paradigm and a lineup of cases. The present author has advocated another version, drawn from experience with cases in clinical ethics, which involves comparing the case at hand with two or more paradigms. Four of the five objections are unsuccessful when directed against Jonsen'sapproach, and all of them are unsuccessful when directed against the approach involving comparison with two or more paradigms.     

Estimating the standard errors of rotated factor loadings by jackknifing

The jackknife by groups and modifications of the jackknife by groups are used to estimate standard errors of rotated factor loadings for selected populations in common factor model maximum likelihood factor analysis. Simulations are performed in whicht-statistics based upon these jackknife estimates of the standard errors are computed. The validity of thet-statistics and their associated confidence intervals is assessed. Methods are given through which the computational efficiency of the jackknife may be greatly enhanced in the factor analysis model.Computing assistance was obtained from the Health Sciences Computing Facility, UCLA, sponsored by NIH Special Research Resources Grant RR-3.The author wishes to thank his doctoral committee co-chairmen, Drs James W. Frane and Robert I. Jennrich, UCLA, for their contributions to this research.     

Estimation of covariance structure models with parameters subject to functional restraints

This paper demonstrates the feasibility of using the penalty function method to estimate parameters that are subject to a set of functional constraints in covariance structure analysis. Both types of inequality and equality constraints are studied. The approaches of maximum likelihood and generalized least squares estimation are considered. A modified Scoring algorithm and a modified Gauss-Newton algorithm are implemented to produce the appropriate constrained estimates. The methodology is illustrated by its applications to Heywood cases in confirmatory factor analysis, quasi-Weiner simplex model, and multitrait-multimethod matrix analysis.The author is indebted to several anonymous reviewers for creative suggestions for improvement of this paper. Computer funding is provided by the Computer Services Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.     

A feasible method for standard errors of estimate in maximum likelihood factor analysis

A jackknife-like procedure is developed for producing standard errors of estimate in maximum likelihood factor analysis. Unlike earlier methods based on information theory, the procedure developed is computationally feasible on larger problems. Unlike earlier methods based on the jackknife, the present procedure is not plagued by the factor alignment problem, the Heywood case problem, or the necessity to jackknife by groups. Standard errors may be produced for rotated and unrotated loading estimates using either orthogonal or oblique rotation as well as for estimates of unique factor variances and common factor correlations. The total cost for larger problems is a small multiple of the square of the number of variables times the number of observations used in the analysis. Examples are given to demonstrate the feasibility of the method.The research done by R. I. Jennrich was supported in part by NSF Grant MCS 77-02121. The research done by D. B. Clarkson was supported in part by NSERC Grant A3109.