宿主和寄生物的辩证关系

寄生物（包括寄生虫,细菌,真菌,立克次体,病毒等）虽依赖宿主而生存,却不一定对宿主致病,有的反而对宿主有益,根据达尔文的进化论,“自然选择”要求生物在进化中要不断适应环境,适应是生存最重要的条件,不能适应必将死亡,据此,本文对一些常见的自然因素对于宿主和寄生物两方面进行了初步分析,包括寄生物在宿主体内的繁殖速度,寄生物所引起的宿主的症状,其生现象的出现等,并对晚近发现的朊病毒,发生“星际传染性”的     

免疫性疾病治疗新途径：诱导细胞程序性死亡

免疫性疾病是一大类难治性的免疫紊乱而造成的疾病,尤其是自身免疫性疾病的一直困扰着免疫学家。传统的免疫治疗是根据不同疾病的需要增强免疫,调节免疫和抑制的方式进行,以辩证的观点分析免疫的增殖与程序性死亡这一对矛盾,认为：免疫性疾病的本质是免疫细胞增殖与程序性恨的失衡,因而通过诱导免疫细胞程序性死亡将成为免疫治疗的新途径。     

Intertask consistency of blood pressure responses to laboratory stressors may increase with prolonged exposure

In this study, one of the predictions of the reactivity hypothesis was investigated: the intertask consistency of blood pressure (BP) responses. Twelve young male subjects underwent cold-pressor (14°C) and digit-scan (counting even numbers) tests in randomized order. Cardiovascular parameters were recorded during a 2-min pretask baseline, a 10-min stressful exposure, and over a 5-min post-task baseline. The intertask correlations between the cold pressor and digit scan increased with prolonged exposure and were higher for almost all of the systolic BP measurements than for the diastolic measurements. After prolonged exposure, the hemodynamic mechanisms of BP elevations during the digit scan shifted from an increase in both cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance to solely an increase in peripheral vascular resistance. Increased peripheral vascular resistance was the consistent cause of the BP elevations with the cold pressor. Accordingly, the hemodynamic shift on the part of the digit scan seemed to heighten the intertask BP correlations. Some other factors influencing the intertask BP correlations are also discussed.     

从进化观点看应激对健康的影响

从进化的观点解释了不同生物体应对应激的不同行为策略及其生理基础,和由此引起的对不同应激性疾病易感性的差异。行为策略和生理基础的差异使得一定环境条件下引发的应激反应对不同个体产生了不同的非稳态获益和代价（非稳态负荷)。非稳态的获益和代价影响了健康和疾病间的平衡：攻击性个体由于非稳态调质失调,更可能出现冲动控制障碍、高血压、自身免疫性疾病、慢性疲劳状态等;反之,非攻击性个体由于非稳调质过度释放,更易发生焦虑障碍、抑郁症、代谢综合症等     

用现代医学模式看心血管疾病合并抑郁症的诊疗

随着社会进步,生活节奏日益加快,抑郁症及抑郁情绪已经悄无声息地蔓延开来,心血管疾病已成为城乡居民的第一位死因,分别为心理、生理疾病,从传统医学模式的角度看两者互不相干,但从生理-心理-社会的现代医学模式理解以及各种研究表明它们其实有着密切的联系。     

微生态药物防治儿童感染性疾病

微生态药物包括益生物、益生菌及其复方产品合生素。国外大量临床随机对照试验结果已肯定此类药物用于儿童消化道感染、呼吸道感染等各类感染及 H IV母婴传播等疾病状态中的疗效。微生态药物用于普通婴幼儿群体是安全的,但用于免疫缺陷、患有某些基础疾病、处于临床危象的患儿或早产儿应谨慎。这是由于益生菌为活体,对于其潜在风险如传递细菌耐药、肠道菌群易位及其诱生性感染、诱发乳酸酸中毒和对肠道菌群的长期不良影响等,都需要在临床中仔细体察。本文重点回顾近10年来益生菌、合生素预防和治疗儿童感染性疾病的临床进展。     

The effect of perceived control on self-reported cardiovascular disease incidence across adulthood and old age

Objective: To examine whether rates of change in perceived control are predictive of cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence across adulthood and old age.

Design: We used the PATH Through Life Project (n = 7103, M = 40, SD = 16; 52% women), a longitudinal panel survey that encompasses three cohorts at Time 1, ages 20–24, 40–44 and 60–64, who have been assessed three times at four-year intervals.

Method: We examined whether rates of change in perceived control were associated with CVD incidence over 8 years of time, over and above that of baseline levels of perceived control and known risk factors for CVD.

Main Outcome Measures: Self-reported CVD incidence.

Results: Increases in perceived control over time were associated with decreased likelihood of 8-year incidence of CVD and these effects were independent of socio-demographics, covariates and baseline levels of perceived control. The effects were consistent across young adulthood, midlife and old age and for men and women.

Conclusions: Findings demonstrate the importance of changes in perceived control as a predictor of CVD incidence across adulthood and old age. We suggest future research using mediation analysis to test reverse causality and mechanisms underlying the effects of perceived control on CVD incidence.     

The relationship between religion and cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause mortality in the women's health initiative observational study

Some studies suggest that religiosity may be related to health outcomes. The current investigation, involving 92,395 Women's Health Initiative Observational Study participants, examined the prospective association of religious affiliation, religious service attendance, and strength and comfort from religion with subsequent cardiovascular outcomes and death. Baseline characteristics and responses to religiosity questions were collected at enrollment. Women were followed for an average of 7.7 years and outcomes were judged by physician adjudicators. Cox proportional regression models were run to obtain hazard ratios (HR) of religiosity variables and coronary heart disease (CHD) and death. After controlling for demographic, socioeconomic, and prior health variables, self-report of religious affiliation, frequent religious service attendance, and religious strength and comfort were associated with reduced risk of all-cause mortality [HR for religious affiliation = 0.84; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.75–0.93] [HR for service attendance = 0.80; CI: 0.73–0.87] [HR for strength and comfort = 0.89; CI: 0.82–0.98]. However, these religion-related variables were not associated with reduced risk of CHD morbidity and mortality. In fact, self-report of religiosity was associated with increased risk of this outcome in some models. In conclusion, although self-report measures of religiosity were not associated with reduced risk of CHD morbidity and mortality, these measures were associated with reduced risk of all-cause mortality.     

Patrón de Conducta Tipo A y antecedentes familiares de hipertensión: un estudio psicofisiológico

Resumen

En este estudio se evaluaron los efectos del Patrón de Conducta Tipo A y los antecedentes familiares de hipertensión en diversos parámetros cardiovasculares, conductuales y subjetivos de la respuesta de estrés.

Con este fin, 100 sujetos (50 varones y 50 mujeres) participaron en tareas de esfuerzo mental con control vs. no control. Las diferencias entre sujetos A y B se manifestaron en una mayor amplitud del pulso en los primeros. La mayor reactividad en Tasa Cardiaca se observó entre los sujetos con antecedentes familiares de hipertensión, mientras que la presión sanguínea sistólica se vio condicionada por la interacción de dichos antecedentes con el Patrón de Conducta Tipo A. Finalmente, los componentes cardiovasculares, subjetivos y conductuales de la respuesta de estrés confirmaron la motivación por el control de dichos sujetos descrita en la literatura.     

Assessment,Treatment, and Rehabilitation for Interpersonal Violence Victims

Abstract

Psychotherapists who have received minimal training in neuropsychology do not consider cognitive rehabilitation among the treatment options for their clients who have mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Historical perspectives on mTBI did not acknowledge brain plasticity and/or rehabilitation, yet rehabilitation might provide a necessary foundation for a client to be able to benefit from traditional feminist psychotherapy. This article provides an overview of two treatment modalities, biofeedback and neuropsychologically-informed feminist psychotherapy, for women with mTBI who sought relief from interstitial cystitis and headaches. Assessment for neuropsychological treatment planning and monitoring is illustrated with employment of the Ackerman-Banks Neuropsychological Rehabilitation Battery. Clinical examples are provided to demonstrate a variety of manifestations of mTBI and responses to treatment.