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151.
According to the temporal resolution power (TRP) hypothesis, higher TRP as reflected by better performance on psychophysical timing tasks accounts for faster speed of information processing and increased efficiency of information processing leading to better performance on tests of psychometric intelligence. An alternative explanation of individual differences in psychometric intelligence highlights individual differences in working memory (WM) capacity which has been found to be closely associated with psychometric intelligence. A latent variable approach was applied on the data of 200 participants ranging in age from 18 to 30 years and spanning a large range of levels of psychometric intelligence. Functional relationships were examined among TRP, WM capacity, as well as reasoning and speed of processing as two important aspects of psychometric intelligence. As predicted by the TRP hypothesis, the relation between TRP and psychometric intelligence was mediated by WM capacity supporting the view that higher TRP leads to better coordinated mental operations which, in turn, result in higher psychometric intelligence. The results are discussed against the background that WM capacity and psychometric reasoning are hardly dissociable from each other and that the specific factors limiting WM capacity and accounting for the mediation effect need to be identified in future research. 相似文献
152.
Jukka Hyn 《心理与行为研究》2004,2(3):497-504
InthisarticleIsummarizetwolinesofeyemovementresearchthatwehaveconductedoverthepastseveralyearsinFinland.Onelineofre鄄searchdealswithhowcompetentadultreadersi鄄dentifycompoundwordsduringreading.Theotherlineofresearchdealswithhowaspecificreadinggoal(wecallitthereadingperspective)influencesthewayalongexpositorytextisreadandwhatisrememberedofthetext*.Inbothlinesofresearchwehaveappliedtheeyemovementtechniquebyregisteringreaders'eyemovementswhentheyreadsilentlysinglesentencesorlongertextsforcom鄄pr… 相似文献
153.
A parametric evaluation of the hedonic and motoric effects of drugs: pimozide and amphetamine 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0 下载免费PDF全文
G M Heyman 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1983,40(2):113-122
This study uses a curve-fitting approach to evaluate the effects of drugs on reinforced responding in rats. The subjects obtained reinforcement according to a series of five different variable-interval schedules (a five-component multiple schedule). For each rat, pimozide, a neuroleptic, decreased response rate, and the decrease was associated with (1) a decrease in the estimated asymptotic response rate and (2) an increase in the rate of reinforcement necessary for half-asymptotic responding. That is, pimozide decreased the proportion of responding maintained by a given rate of reinforcement. In contrast, intermediate doses of amphetamine increased response rate and increased the proportion of responding maintained by a given rate of reinforcement. It was proposed that the response rate asymptote indexes motor capacity, and the rate of reinforcement necessary for half-asymptotic responding indexes reinforcement efficacy; accordingly, pimozide decreased motor capacity and reinforcement strength and amphetamine increased reinforcement strength. 相似文献
154.
Short-term memory in the pigeon: delayed-pair-comparison procedures and some results. 总被引:5,自引:5,他引:0 下载免费PDF全文
A discrete-trials, delayed-pair-comparison procedure was developed to study visual short-term memory for tilted lines. In four experiments, pigeons' responses on left or right keys were reinforced with food depending on whether a comparison stimulus was or was not the same as a standard stimulus presented earlier in the same trial. In Experimental I, recall was an increasing function of the exposure time of the to-be-remembered stimulus and was a decreasing function of the retention interval. In Experiment II, retroactive interference was investigated: recall was poorer after a retention interval during which was presented either a tilted line or contextual stimuli in the form of the illuminated experimental chamber. In Experiment III, a subject was required to engage, throughout the retention interval, in one or the other of two different behaviors, depending on which of two stimuli a subject was to remember. This mnemonic strategy vastly improved recall after 15- and 20-second retention intervals. In Experiment IV, the opposite end of the performance continuum was studied: by combining the effects of a larger stimulus set and the effects of what presumably was an increased memory load, performance was reduced to approximately chance levels after retention intervals shorter than 1 second. 相似文献
155.
Exploring Counselor-Client Agreement on Clients’ Work Capacity in Established and Consultative Dyads
Uma Chandrika Millner Diane Brandt Leighton Chan Alan Jette Elizabeth Marfeo Pengsheng Ni Elizabeth Rasch E. Sally Rogers 《Journal of Employment Counseling》2020,57(3):98-114
Counselor-client agreement on the work capacity of clients living with serious mental illnesses informs the counseling relationship and facilitates accurate assessments of client eligibility for public programs. In this exploratory mixed-methods study, we assessed counselor-client agreement on clients’ work capacity in 61 established therapeutic dyads and compared it with 30 dyads involved in an initial assessment session. Intraclass correlation coefficients and mountain plots were used to examine counselor-client agreement. Results revealed moderate counselor-client agreement of work capacity for both dyads. Counselor interviews illuminated sources of discordance. These results have practical implications for assessing the work capacity of clients. 相似文献
156.
157.
Thomas Wolff 《American journal of community psychology》2001,29(2):165-172
Over the last 20 years, coalition building has become a prominent intervention employed in communities across America. Coalitions provide community psychologists and those in related fields with a chance to work with whole communities and to better understand how to create community change. As we reflect on the past two decades of community coalition building, there are many questions to be answered about this phenomenon. Why has there been such an upsurge in community coalition building activity? What is the impact of this activity? What have we as students of community learned? What are the questions that we need to be asking to improve the effectiveness of coalition building efforts and their evaluation? This set of articles will review the state of the art of community coalition building in both practice and research. The structure of the articles reflects a collaborative process, with multiple contributors from different disciplines, using a variety of formats. Because this is an evolving phenomenon where the questions asked are as important as the lessons learned, many of the major sections include dialogues with community experts from across the country and from multiple fields, including community psychology, public health, political science, public administration, and grassroots organizing. 相似文献
158.
Wandersman A Duffy J Flaspohler P Noonan R Lubell K Stillman L Blachman M Dunville R Saul J 《American journal of community psychology》2008,41(3-4):171-181
If we keep on doing what we have been doing, we are going to keep on getting what we have been getting. Concerns about the gap between science and practice are longstanding. There is a need for new approaches to supplement the
existing approaches of research to practice models and the evolving community-centered models for bridging this gap. In this article, we present the Interactive Systems Framework for Dissemination and Implementation
(ISF) that uses aspects of research to practice models and of community-centered models. The framework presents three systems:
the Prevention Synthesis and Translation System (which distills information about innovations and translates it into user-friendly
formats); the Prevention Support System (which provides training, technical assistance or other support to users in the field);
and the Prevention Delivery System (which implements innovations in the world of practice). The framework is intended to be
used by different types of stakeholders (e.g., funders, practitioners, researchers) who can use it to see prevention not only
through the lens of their own needs and perspectives, but also as a way to better understand the needs of other stakeholders
and systems. It provides a heuristic for understanding the needs, barriers, and resources of the different systems, as well
as a structure for summarizing existing research and for illuminating priority areas for new research and action.
The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention. 相似文献
159.
Merzel C Moon-Howard J Dickerson D Ramjohn D VanDevanter N 《American journal of community psychology》2008,41(1-2):74-88
Developing community capacity to improve health is a cornerstone of community-based public health. The concept of community
capacity reflects numerous facets and dimensions of community life and can have different meanings in different contexts.
This paper explores how members of one community identify and interpret key aspects of their community’s capacity to limit
the availability and use of tobacco products. Particular attention is given to examining the interrelationship between various
dimensions of community capacity in order to better understand the processes by which communities are able to mobilize for
social change. The study is based on qualitative analysis of 19 in-depth interviews with key informants representing a variety
of community sectors in Harlem, New York City. Findings indicate that the community is viewed as rich in human and social
resources. A strong sense of community identity and connectedness underlies this reserve and serves as a catalyst for action.
At the time this study was conducted, all authors were at Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health. 相似文献
160.