Elaborative processing in the Korsakoff syndrome: context versus habit

Using a procedure of Hay and Jacoby [Hay, J. F., & Jacoby, L. L. (1999). Separating habit and recollection in young and older adults: Effects of elaborative processing and distinctiveness. Psychology and Aging, 14, 122–134], Korsakoff patients’ capacity to encode and retrieve elaborative, semantic information was investigated. Habits were created during initial training, whereupon cued-recall memory performance was examined, with habit opposing as well as facilitating recollection of earlier studied words. A first group of patients was instructed and tested in the same way as healthy controls and showed poor test performance. Nevertheless, when given more processing and response time, additional explanation, and explicit encouragement, a second group of patients performed similarly to healthy controls. The results suggest that, when given adequate support, Korsakoff patients are able to encode and make use of semantic, contextual, and sequential information. Word distinctiveness, however, only influenced performance of controls.     

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Offender Hopelessness: Lessons from Treatment of Forensic Inpatients

Patients remanded to forensic hospitals often experience a marked situational depression once initial psychotic symptoms subside and the reality of their legal situation becomes evident. Individual psychotherapy is not often used with this population due to a generally high level of impairment. It is suggested, that with modifications, the cognitive-behavioral therapy manual by Michael Thase (in: VanHasselt, Hersen (eds) Sourcebook of psychological treatment manuals for adult disorders, 1996) designed to treat depression in psychiatric inpatients can be used to treat situational depression in forensic inpatients. Modifications include the use of increased behavioral techniques, the addition of a group component, and lengthening of time limits for each treatment phase. Case examples from a first attempt to implement the new treatment program are presented.     

Breast Cancer in Men: A Need for Psychological Intervention

Male breast cancer is a serious issue that needs to be addressed more fully by the medical and public community. However, due to a lack of awareness and limited research on the topic, there is a general absence of knowledge concerning the psychological implications of this disease in men as well as a need for greater understanding of the medical diagnosis and treatment of male breast carcinoma. Similarly, there still remains a considerable gender difference between the awareness of female breast cancer and male breast cancer Although breast cancer in men makes up only 1% of all breast cancers reported in the United States, it is increasing in incidence. There are approximately 2000 new cases and approximately 450 deaths due to male breast cancer each year. Breast cancer diagnosis and treatment in men is very similar to that described in women, however, it has been shown that men are being diagnosed at a later stage of the disease than women.     

An efficient cervical disease diagnosis approach using segmented images and cytology reporting

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women globally. A computer aided cervical disease diagnosis system that can relieve pressure on medical experts and save the cost is proposed. To implement our approach in the reality of cervical diseases diagnosis, a multi-modal framework is designed for three kinds of cervical diseases diagnosis that integrates uterine cervix images, Thinprep Cytology Test, human papillomavirus test, and patients’ age. However, too many features increase memory storage costs and computational costs, and it affects the spread of this system in poor areas. Feature selection not only eliminates redundant or irrelevant features but also finds the factors that influence the disease most first is performed in multi-modal frameworks for cervical diseases diagnosis. The detailed process of the method is as follows: first, according the representative color, an efficient image segmentation algorithm is developed; then from three different types of segmented images, we extract color features and texture features for interpreting uterine cervix images; next, Boruta algorithm is applied to feature selection; finally, the performance of Random Forests that utilizes selected features for cervical disease diagnosis is investigated. In the experiment, the proposed multi-modal diagnostic approach gives the final diagnosis for three different kinds of cervical diseases with 83.1% accuracy, which significantly outperforms methods using any single source of information alone. The validation cohort is applied to validate the efficiency of our method, and the performance of random forest obtained by using only 1.2% of features is like or even better than using 100% of features.     

对肺癌TNM分期的思考

TNM分期系统是进行肿瘤诊断和治疗的“国际语言”。1997年新版的肺癌TNM分期标准作为指导肺癌诊断和治疗的重要参考指标,能在一定程度上反映肺癌的预后,但并没有完全反映肺癌的本质生物学行为。本文认为真正反映肺癌本质生物学行为的是肺癌的组织学类型及分化程度等指标,传统的TNM分期系统应当进一步完善。     

肺癌肿瘤干细胞研究的科学方法论

肺癌肿瘤干细胞研究是肺癌与肿瘤干细胞学说交叉所形成的新研究领域,将根本改变临床肺癌防治的方式。反思从肿瘤干细胞学说的提出到肺癌肿瘤干细胞研究,树立自然辨证观念,用科学方法论指导肺癌肿瘤干细胞研究。     

如何对妇科肿瘤手术后患者进行观察

对手术后患者的观察和处理是疾病外科治疗过程中的重要环节之一。本文从妇科肿瘤手术后患者面临的四大主要问题（术后出血、术后感染、特殊外科并发症的出现和内科合并症的加重）入手,对上述问题的临床特点、早期征兆、出现规律、观察指标和相应辅助检查进行总结,并简要指出处理原则,目的是帮助青年医师形成有逻辑的术后观察思维。     

肝癌综合治疗的发展与展望

原发性肝癌是我国最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,预后较差,病死率较高。经过多年的探索与努力,人们利用辩证思维的方法,在总结了各种治疗方法的优、缺点后,取长补短兴起了肝癌的综合治疗。包括手术治疗、化疗、放疗、导向治疗、局部治疗、中医治疗、免疫治疗、基因治疗的综合治疗,成为进一步提高肝癌疗效的新途径。     

以树突状细胞为基础的前列腺癌免疫治疗的研究

探讨以人外周血单个核细胞（peripheral blood monouclear cells,PBMC）来源的树突状细胞（dendritic cell,DC）为基础的抗前列腺癌免疫作用。分离外周血PBMC,用重组人粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（rhGM—CSF）和重组人白介素-4（rhIL-4）诱导PBMC产生DC。提取前列腺癌PC-3细胞总RNA,致敏DC并用流式细胞仪检测细胞的表面标志物CD14、CD40、CD80、CD86。致敏后的DC与淋巴细胞共同培养诱导产生特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞（cytotoxic Tlymphocyte,CTL）,用MTT细胞毒检测试剂盒检测特异性CTL对肿瘤细胞的杀伤率。结果总RNA致敏后的DC细胞CD40、CD80、CD86显著增高,CD14显著降低（P〈0．05）。前列腺癌组杀伤率（55．27＋9．76）与空白对照组杀伤率（36．75＋7．06）之间的差异有统计学意义（P=0．009〈0．05）。胃癌对照组杀伤率（36．75＋7．06）与空白对照组杀伤率（35．66＋7．85）之间差异无统计学意义（P=0．834〉0．05）。结论是经RNA致敏的DC可以诱导产生对前列腺癌细胞有特异性杀伤活性的CTL。