Positive intergroup contact decreases the likelihood that prejudicial attitudes become avoidant behavioral tendencies

We investigated whether existing intergroup contact experiences moderated the associations between prejudicial attitudes and behavioral tendencies towards outgroups across five studies in Turkey (total N = 1,281). Findings showed that among Turks who reported higher levels of cross-group friendship quantity (Study 1) and greater positive (but not negative) contact (Study 2) with Kurds, prejudicial attitudes did not predict negative outgroup behavioral tendencies. Confirming these studies, Study 3 indicated that the association between homophobic attitudes and outgroup avoidance/approach tendencies was weaker among individuals who reported more LGBTI friends. Study 4 replicated the latter finding among children using Syrians as the target outgroup. Study 5 further showed that the buffering role of intergroup contact occurred only among participants who held less certain attitudes towards Syrian refugees. Findings provide insights into how existing contact experiences shape the relationship between negative attitudes towards outgroups and relevant behavioral intentions.     

外卖骑手群体的EAP方案设计及其干预有效性

基于互联网技术的餐饮外卖催生出规模不断壮大的外卖骑手这一新兴职业群体,但其身心健康问题日益受到社会关注.员工帮助计划(EAP)是组织为员工设置的一套系统、 长期的福利支持项目.本研究在调查外卖骑手的身心压力状况和EAP服务需求的基础上,设计骑手群体的EAP服务方案,并对方案的有效性进行评估,以探索EAP服务有效性的作用...     

网络公益平台默认选项设置对个人捐赠意愿的影响及作用机制

本文探讨了在网络公益背景下默认选项金额对个人捐赠意愿的影响及其心理机制。通过4个实验, 本文发现在网络公益平台中将默认选项设置为高金额会显著地减少个人的捐赠意愿, 而感知被操控在该影响过程中起到了中介作用。具体而言, 当公益机构将默认选项的金额设置为高金额(vs. 低金额)时, 人们的被操控感知增强, 进而捐赠意愿降低, 产生了默认效应的反作用。此外, 个体道德认同水平在这一影响中发挥了调节作用。当个体道德认同水平较低时, 高金额默认选项(vs. 低金额默认选项)会降低其捐赠意愿, 而对于道德认同水平较高的个体而言, 他们的捐赠意愿在高/低金额默认选项时不存在显著差异。研究结论推进了默认效应在捐赠决策领域的理论研究, 同时对于当前快速发展的网络公益平台进行捐赠金额的设置具有重要的实践意义。     

The Empathetic Soldier

ABSTRACT

Empathy’s relation to the conduct of war is ambiguous. It is mentioned sporadically in international relations theory and, perhaps surprisingly, in official military doctrine. Yet empathy’s role in the military profession remains obscure, partly because it sits uneasily in military culture. Many military professionals struggle with how it is to be integrated with other, more clearly martial, virtues. Add to this struggle the confusion over what empathy actually is, and it quickly becomes easier to dismiss it or keep it at the fringes of consideration. It is my intent to clarify the concept of empathy in light of recent scholarship, and then to show the relevance of empathy to the tactical and strategic demands of war. Empathy bolsters soldiers’ understanding of human actors in the operational environment and it improves soldiers’ overall intentions. These benefits derive from the nature of empathy as an understanding of another’s experience, including emotions, beliefs, perspectives, or intentions, and the incorporation of this knowledge into further deliberation, especially important moral judgments.     

Intention and Responsibility in Double Effect Cases

I argue that the moral distinction in double effect cases rests on a difference not in intention as traditionally stated in the Doctrine of Double Effect (DDE), but in desire. The traditional DDE has difficulty ensuring that an agent intends the bad effect just in those cases where what he does is morally objectionable. I show firstly that the mental state of a rational agent who is certain that a side-effect will occur satisfies Bratman's criteria for intending that effect. I then clarify the nature of the moral distinction in double effect cases and how it can be used to evaluate the moral blameworthiness of agents rather than the moral status of acts. The agent's blameworthiness is reduced not by his lack of intention but by his desire not to bring about the side-effect, and the 'counterfactual test' can be used to determine whether he desires the effect in acting. In my version, the DDE has its rationale in virtue ethics; it is not liable to abuse as the traditional version is; and it makes more plausible distinctions when applied to standard examples.     

Real-time detection of the interaction between an upper-limb power-assist robot user and another person for perception-assist

Assisting aged population or a population with disabilities is a critical problem in today’s world. To compensate for their declined motor function, power-assist wearable robots have been proposed. In some cases, however, the cognitive function of these populations may have declined as well, and it may be insufficient to compensate only for their motor function deficiency. Perception-assist wearable robots, which can perceive environmental information using visual sensors attached to them, have been proposed to address this problem. This study addresses the problem of identifying motion intentions of the user of an upper-limb power-assist wearable robot, while the user engages in desired interactions with others. It is important to consider both the interacting parties in order to accurately predict proper interaction. Therefore, this paper presents an interaction recognition methodology by combining both the user’s motion intention and the other party’s motion intention with environmental information. A fuzzy reasoning model is proposed to semantically combine the motion intentions of both parties and environmental information. In this method, the motion intentions of both the user and the other party are simultaneously estimated using kinematic information and visual information, respectively, and they are employed for predicting the interactions between both parties. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is experimentally evaluated.     

Retracted: Formation of Entrepreneurial Career Intentions: The Role of Sociocognitive Factors

An individual's intention to enter into an entrepreneurial career in the future is a complex phenomenon. Existing cognitive models of entrepreneurial intention ignore the significant role of social conditions of an individual. In this article, the author incorporates social capital into a cognitive entrepreneurial intention model based on the theory of planned behavior. Using a sample of 636 Turkish and Pakistani undergraduate business students, the author finds that social capital shapes the entrepreneurial intentions of young people through the cognitive infrastructure. This study contributes to determining the influences of social and cognitive factors on the entrepreneurial intention process.     

幼儿园新教师学历与离职意向的关系:入职适应、工作满意度的多重中介作用

以783名教龄3年以内的幼儿园新教师为被试,采用问卷法考察入职适应和工作满意度在新教师学历与离职意向之间的中介作用。结果表明：工作满意度在幼儿园新教师学历与离职意向的关系中具有正向独立中介作用;入职适应、工作满意度在幼儿园新教师学历与离职意向的关系中具有负向链式中介作用。这些结果说明,良好的入职适应是提高幼儿园高学历新教师工作满意度、降低其离职意向的关键因素。     

配偶排斥对女性离婚意愿的影响：愤怒与婚姻满意度的链式中介作用

为了探讨配偶排斥对女性离婚意愿的影响,以及愤怒情绪和婚姻满意度在其中的中介作用,对543名已婚女性施测了社会排斥体验量表、特质愤怒问卷、婚姻满意度问卷以及离婚意愿问卷。中介效应检验结果表明,配偶排斥显著正向预测女性的离婚意愿,愤怒情绪和婚姻满意度分别在二者之间起中介作用,同时配偶排斥还顺序地先通过导致愤怒情绪增加,再使得婚姻满意度降低这一链式路径对女性的离婚意愿产生影响。未来可以通过减少配偶排斥以及减弱愤怒情绪和提升婚姻满意度的途径来增加婚姻稳定性。