焦点解决短期心理咨询原理与技术述评

焦点解决短期心理咨询是近年来形成并在世界范围内迅速崛起的一个短期咨询学派,它是一种以正向目标解决导向的咨询模式。该文介绍了焦点解决短期心理咨询模式的起源背景及此模式的基本原理与技术,并对其作了简要评价。     

乡镇小学生的数学焦虑与数学成绩:数学自我效能感和数学元认知的链式中介作用

采用儿童数学焦虑量表、小学生数学学习自我效能感量表和小学生数学元认知问卷,对508名乡镇中、高年级小学生进行测量,并运用结构方程模型探讨数学焦虑影响数学成绩的内在作用机制。结果发现：（1）数学焦虑显著负向预测数学自我效能感、数学元认知和数学成绩,数学自我效能感显著正向预测数学元认知和数学成绩,数学元认知显著正向预测数学成绩;（2）在数学焦虑对数学成绩的预测中,数学自我效能感和数学元认知均发挥了部分中介作用;（3）数学自我效能感和数学元认知在数学焦虑和数学成绩之间起链式多重中介的作用。因此,数学焦虑除了直接作用于小学生的数学成绩,还可通过数学自我效能感或数学元认知间接影响数学成绩,而且可通过数学自我效能感进而通过数学元认知间接影响数学成绩。文章讨论了上述发现的理论及教育实践含义。     

Effects of a Danish Student‐Centered Prosocial Intervention Program Among Japanese Children

Japan and Denmark represent two different educational cultures. Where Danish students in general report high scores on self‐esteem, Japanese children report low. A student‐centered and interaction‐based prosocial intervention program that was designed according to Danish educational culture was administered to children aged 11–12 years in Japan. Questionnaires measuring the children's quality of life (QoL) and metacognitive awareness were applied. Overall, the results showed that the student‐centered intervention improved the emotional well‐being aspect of QoL among Japanese boys. In contrast, Japanese boys’ scores on the declarative knowledge of metacognitive regulation declined. The teachers’ attitudes towards the intervention program were analyzed by use of interviews. The effect of the student‐centered intervention program is discussed with respect to the educational cultures in Japan.     

“易象”新说——兼论《周易》原有《象经》问题

论文对古代典籍所载"易象"一名作了新的解读。认为所谓"易象",仅是当时《周易》的另一种称谓而已,它并不神秘;"易象"与今本《象传》没有直接联系,尚无渊源,《象传》"演德","易象""尊礼尚施",至汉代仍保存有以古礼诠释《周易》的传统;古代《周易》原有《象经》,或以《卦下易经》当之,惜已不传;但在清人的《易》著中,至今仍可见其传承的轨迹。     

Altruism in adolescents and young adults: validation of an instrument to measure generative altruism with structural equation modeling

Aim of this study was to develop and test a research instrument to measure generative and functional altruism in adolescents/young adults. In an anonymous questionnaire survey using standardised questionnaires, 873 students were recruited in academic high schools and professional schools. The 7-item Generative Altruism Scale (GALS), which includes affective and behavioural elements, correlated with relevant external measures that correspond with the underlying construct. Confirmatory factor analysis proved an acceptable model fit with characteristics of χ² [df = 14, N = 846] = 129.946, p < .001, CFI = .91, AIC = 157.946, and SRMR = .048. Female and male students differed significantly with respect to altruism scores (F = 25.5; p < .0001). The GALS could be used for empirical studies analysing the connection between altruism and the development of ethical values and prosocial behaviour. Particularly, compassion as an intrinsic motivator could be fostered in appropriate education programmes.     

On the Importance of the Setting in the Psychoanalytic Situation

In this article, we explore the process of psychoanalytical listening in the context of language. We demonstrate through a clinical example how listening may act as a facilitator of a person's linguistic style, but also how the defence of negation blocks the same process. Guided by the modern speculations on the function of metaphor, we show how listening has been expressed in various metaphors and other “tropes” of language by psychoanalysts, and also how useful metaphors can be in our listening to patients.     

学习动机、元认知对学业成就的影响

以202名大学生为被试,测量研究了学习动机、元认知与学业成就的关系．结果表明,元认知、学习动机与学业成就之间是相关的。认知驱动力、自我提高内驱力与元认知和学业成就呈正相关,而附属内驱力与学业成就呈负相关。认知驱动力和自我提高内驱力对学业成就和元认知存在显著回归效应。     

Disentangling proactive and reactive aggression in children using self-report

The distinction between proactive and reactive functions of aggression is one of the most common divisions when investigating aggression among children and adolescents. To date, self-report is the least used measurement, despite existing literature supporting the view that the best informant regarding internal processes and motives are children themselves. The main aim of this study was to examine the construct and concurrent validity of a new self-report questionnaire, which aims to disentangle acts of reactive vs. proactive aggression that are most common within the daily lives of children. We examined the self-report measure among 578 children (313 girls, 265 boys, mean age 11 years, range 9–13 years). Most children (90% boys; 85% girls) reported at least one act of aggression over the last four weeks. Furthermore, the outcomes support the two-factor structure (reactive and proactive aggression) and the questionnaire showed good concurrent and discriminant validity with measures for emotional and social functioning. This study validates the use of the self-report instrument for reactive and proactive aggression and demonstrates that children can successfully distinguish between their own motives for reactive and proactive forms of aggressive behaviours.     

今、帛、竹书《周易》与今、古文问题

帛书及楚竹书、阜阳汉简<周易>的面世,极大地拓展了我们对<周易>经文的研究视野.东汉熹平间,灵帝诏诸儒正定五经,以熹平石经作为今文标准本,熹平石经遂成为后人研究、界定汉代经今、古文的重要依据.然今以帛<易>考之,汉初人们以隶字抄书,并无严格的今、古文区分,故熹平石经作为分辨汉人今、古文的权威,只是为平息当时的今、古文之争.汉唐人以自己所见之有限的古文本而定其"古文某作×",今以竹书校之,方知其所见之古文本及其古文字,与战国竹书古文本多有不同.而由今本与竹书本多有相同相通者考之,知今本确为古文本无疑.随着帛<易>的出土,有本师传授的今文<易>在亡佚千余年后又重现于世,对弄清<周易>六十四卦中的一些疑难卦爻辞原旨,厘清汉人今、古文经学的发展与演变,无疑有重大的借鉴与帮助.     

国内元认知的相关研究及其展望

元认知这一概念是由美国发展心理学家弗莱维尔(Flavell)在1976年正式提出来的。至今,学者们对其进行了广泛深入的研究,无论是在理论还是实证方面都取得了丰硕的成果。文章首先对元认知(metacognition)的概念作了阐述,接着陈述了当前关于元认知的结构比较认可的两分法以及三分法,并提出了关于元认知结构的看法。然后对目前国内元认知的相关研究做一综述,最后文章在分析过去研究所存在问题的基础上提出了对元认知研究的展望。