人工语法范式下内隐学习的脑机制及其教育启示

人工语法范式是研究内隐学习实验的重要范式。利用脑成像技术的研究发现：人工语法范式下内隐学习发生时,额叶、枕叶、顶叶以及基底神经节与内隐学习有密切关系。该结果对当前教育教学产生一定启示,即教师要多给学生创造知识迁移的机会;培养学生的动手实践活动;重视学习过程中内隐学习与外显学习的先后顺序和有序结合。     

思维与语言的关系：来自认知神经科学的证据

在有关人类心智的研究中,思维与语言的关系始终是一个复杂而重要的课题。借助于新的技术手段和研究思路,当代认知神经科学从新的角度探讨了这个古老而神秘的课题。其研究的基本逻辑是：如果某种特定的思维过程（比如简单的算术运算或者三段论推理）在本质上是“语言的”,那么,在进行这种思维活动时,大脑中负责语言信息处理的区域就会参与;反之,如果某种思维过程在本质上是“空间的”,则大脑中负责空间信息处理的区域就会参与其中。结合来自直观的脑功能图谱证据与其它的跨领域证据（如来自行为实验和脑损伤研究的证据）,能够帮助我们更加深入地认识和理解思维与语言的关系问题。     

视觉空间注意的事件相关电位研究

视觉空间注意是心理学多年来一直探讨的问题,也是近来多学科共同关注的领域。在脑机制研究中,事件相关电位(ERP)的研究方法具有高时间分辨率的特点,近年来高密度记录技术的发展,也提高了ERP在功能定位方面的作用,因此其应用日益广泛。该文概述了近年来有关ERP在视觉空间注意研究中的实验方法、结果和初步结论,并就今后研究方向提出了几点看法。     

人类工作记忆的某些神经影像研究

采用神经影像技术研究人类工作记忆的脑机理是目前一个十分活跃的研究领域。研究表明存在负责不同信息加工的工作记忆系统 ,如词语工作记忆、空间工作记忆等 ,其中词语工作记忆主要由大脑左半球参与 ,空间工作记忆主要由大脑右半球参与。前额叶在工作记忆中的作用相当复杂 ,包括对记忆信息的注意和抑制、管理、整合等功能。合理巧妙的实验设计、多种研究手段的综合应用必将使人类工作记忆的脑机理得到充分阐明。     

信息保持、短时存贮与执行控制的脑模型

工作记忆的脑机制是认知神经科学研究的重要问题。研究者在分析大量脑成像研究数据的基础上,创建了许多解释工作记忆神经基础的模型。Smith和Jonides发展了工作记忆成分结构模型和贮存与执行加工分离模型。Postle和D’Esposito建构了工作记忆相对表征混合模型,D’Esposito, Postle和Rypma阐述了工作记忆加工阶段动态模型。Fletcher和Henson提出工作记忆额叶分区整合理论。该文通过对上述模型或理论的评价,总结了工作记忆脑成像研究中存在的问题,展望了该研究领域的发展趋势。     

A Dissociation between Symbolic Number Knowledge and Analogue Magnitude Information

Semantic understanding of numbers and related concepts can be dissociated from rote knowledge of arithmetic facts. However, distinctions among different kinds of semantic representations related to numbers have not been fully explored. Working with numbers and arithmetic requires representing semantic information that is both analogue (e.g., the approximate magnitude of a number) and symbolic (e.g., what / means). In this article, the authors describe a patient (MC) who exhibits a dissociation between tasks that require symbolic number knowledge (e.g., knowledge of arithmetic symbols including numbers, knowledge of concepts related to numbers such as rounding) and tasks that require an analogue magnitude representation (e.g., comparing size or frequency). MC is impaired on a variety of tasks that require symbolic number knowledge, but her ability to represent and process analogue magnitude information is intact. Her deficit in symbolic number knowledge extends to a variety of concepts related to numbers (e.g., decimal points, Roman numerals, what a quartet is) but not to any other semantic categories that we have tested. These findings suggest that symbolic number knowledge is a functionally independent component of the number processing system, that it is category specific, and that it is anatomically and functionally distinct from magnitude representations.     

Formal Schooling Influences Two- but Not Three-Dimensional Naming Skills

The modulatory influence of literacy on the cognitive system of the human brain has been indicated in behavioral, neuroanatomic, and functional neuroimaging studies. In this study we explored the functional consequences of formal education and the acquisition of an alphabetic written language on two- and three-dimensional visual naming. The results show that illiterate subjects perform significantly worse on immediate naming of two-dimensional representations of common everyday objects compared to literate subjects, both in terms of accuracy and reaction times. In contrast, there was no significant difference when the subjects named the corresponding real objects. The results suggest that formal education and learning to read and to write modulate the cognitive process involved in processing two- but not three-dimensional representations of common everyday objects. Both the results of the reaction time and the error pattern analyses can be interpreted as indicating that the major influence of literacy affects the visual system or the interaction between the visual and the language systems. We suggest that the visual system in a wide sense and/or the interface between the visual and the language system are differently formatted in literate and illiterate subjects. In other words, we hypothesize that the pattern of interactions in the functional-anatomical networks subserving visual naming, that is, the interactions within and between the visual and language processing networks, differ in literate and illiterate subjects.     

脑的感知觉无意识加工及其研究进展

该文从无意识加工与认知、脑结构,神经网络的关系等三个层面,阐述了近年来认知神经科学在无意识研究方面的进展。主要就无意识与意识的相互转化、无意识加工与认知层次、脑结构之间的关联性、突触的联结方式等问题进行了讨论,并对认知神经科学如何研究无意识与意识问题提出展望,     

The Genesis of Mind and Spirit

Spiritual life is made possible by the evolution of a human neuropsychology that requires social interdependence for its development. Extensive neuroplasticity requires experiential shaping throughout life. The evolution of frontal cortex hypertrophy suggests that much of this shaping is produced by a socially constructed virtual reality, extending beyond immediate experience. Prefrontal colonization makes possible the social scaffolding of neuroregulation, including the emotional attachments necessary for moral life. Cognitive independence from immediate environments enables symbioses with external memory systems, producing novel forms of socially constituted experience and making possible the transformative effect of religious systems upon individual biologies and psychologies.     

骨源性因子ucOCN在运动抗抑郁中的作用机制

羧化不全骨钙素(ucOCN)是骨中成骨细胞分泌的特异性蛋白,因其在调控神经发育、神经可塑性等中的重要角色而受到神经科学领域关注。"骨-脑"串联"对话"是骨内分泌-神经介导的应答系统,ucOCN透过血脑屏障后介导单胺类神经递质、神经内分泌、神经免疫、神经再生及基因表达等机制,进而作用于海马CA3区、扣带回等脑区功能发挥来调节抑郁发生及改善。而ucOCN作为骨源性力学刺激敏感基因,运动上调其表达后进入血液循环,通过介导5-HT/GABA分泌、HPA轴功能、炎症反应、神经营养因子(BDNF等)表达或信号途径(如GSK3β/β-catenin、TLR4/miR-223/NLRP3等)激活等来实现"骨串联脑",发挥运动抗抑郁作用。通过对骨源性因子ucOCN介导脑区功能变化从而实现运动抗抑郁的作用机制进行探讨、梳理,一方面有助于更深入了解骨内分泌功能,另一方面为抑郁发生、改善和运动抗抑郁研究提供新的理论基础和研究思路。