Ethical breaches and deviations of method in psychoanalysis: A heuristic model for the differentiation of boundary transgressions in psychoanalytic work

The boundary concept has been central to discussions on ethics and psychoanalysis over the past few decades. The main distinction has been between less malignant boundary crossings and more harmful violations. More recently, the concept has been criticized as not discriminating between technique and ethics. The author argues that these problems are connected to the way the boundary concept is defined. He suggests that it is specified to indicate a delimitation of an analytic area of conduct. In an analogous manner, an area of ethical conduct is framed by a boundary between ethical and unethical actions in the treatment situation. The analytic area has a narrower limitation than ethics and a stricter articulation of its concept of attitude; not all unanalytic actions are unethical. This simple model of interpersonally specified boundaries allows us to discriminate between different kinds of transgression in analytic work. In addition to violations and crossings, a third instance is described denoting a transgression of the analytic but not the ethical boundary. These can be called boundary stretchings, and are either intended or unintended deviations of method. The slippery slope mechanism of ethical misconduct is an imminent risk if boundary stretchings are ignored and not subject to scrutiny and analysis.     

The role of context on boundary extension

Boundary extension (BE) is a memory error in which observers remember more of a scene than they actually viewed. This error reflects one’s prediction that a scene naturally continues and is driven by scene schema and contextual knowledge. In two separate experiments we investigated the necessity of context and scene schema in BE. In Experiment 1, observers viewed scenes that either contained semantically consistent or inconsistent objects as well as objects on white backgrounds. In both types of scenes and in the no-background condition there was a BE effect; critically, semantic inconsistency in scenes reduced the magnitude of BE. In Experiment 2 when we used abstract shapes instead of meaningful objects, there was no BE effect. We suggest that although scene schema is necessary to elicit BE, contextual consistency is not required.     

Atomic configurations of twin boundaries and twinning dislocation in superconductor Y0.6Na0.4Ba2Cu2.7Zn0.3O7− δ

Two types of twin boundaries in superconductor Y_0.6Na_0.4Ba₂Cu_2.7Zn_0.3O_{7? δ} , the cation-centered and oxygen-centered types, and the associated twinning dislocation have been studied by high-resolution electron microscopy. The structure map projected in the [001] direction was obtained from a single image by means of the image deconvolution technique. In this map, all columns of metallic atoms appear as individual black dots, and hence the two types of twin boundaries are distinguished from each other at atomic level. It is seen that the twinning dislocation occurs when the two types of twin boundaries meet each other. The structure model of the twinning dislocation together with the two types of twin boundaries has been derived straightforwardly based on the positions of black dots seen in the deconvoluted image.     

On the model for crack roughness statistics

It is pointed out that the distribution introduced by Balankin and Susarrey [A.S. Balankin and O. Susarrey, Phil. Mag. Lett. 79 629 (1999).] (for modelling crack-length and crack-width data) is contained by at least two known families of distributions. Some elementary statistical properties of these families are discussed.     

Grain boundary networks in high-performance,heteroepitaxial, YBCO films on polycrystalline,cube-textured metals

Grain boundaries (GBs) in high-temperature superconductors suppress the critical current density (J _c) dramatically, with the J _c decreasing exponentially with GB angle, especially when GB misorientation exceeds 4°. To reduce the number of high-angle GBs, fabrication of biaxially textured, superconducting wires via heteroepitaxial growth on cube-textured metals has been widely investigated worldwide. Such wires exhibit very high J _c in applied magnetic fields despite having a majority of GBs with total misorientations in the range 4–8°. Here, we show that GB networks in these wires have numerous GBs with out-of-plane misorientations greater than 4° but few boundaries having in-plane misorientations greater than 4°. Transport measurements on bicrystal GBs show that GBs with out-of-plane tilts between 4° and 8° are well linked. Together, these results explain the high performance of superconducting films on cube-textured metals.     

Mechanically driven grain boundary relaxation: a mechanism for cyclic hardening in nanocrystalline Ni

Molecular dynamics simulations are used to show that cyclic mechanical loading can relax the non-equilibrium grain boundary (GB) structures of nanocrystalline metals by dissipating energy and reducing the average atomic energy of the system, leading to higher strengths. The GB processes that dominate deformation in these materials allow low-energy boundary configurations to be found through kinematically irreversible structural changes during cycling, which increases the subsequent resistance to plastic deformation.     

Mechanical recrystallization of ultra-strength tungsten nanoneedles

We present field-ion microscopy observation and crystallographic analysis which shows that plastic deformation mode in the tungsten nanotip in the field of high mechanical stresses occur by combining formations of strain localization bands and crystal lattice reorientations. Nanomechanical tensile tests in situ at about 15?GPa have revealed the large-angle reorientations of grains corresponding to the coincident site lattice with Σ?=?33, which can be regarded as a result of reactions between lattice dislocations.     

Midgap photon effects in As2S3 glass

Photo-induced phenomena in glasses excited by two-photon absorption have been studied and compared with those produced by bandgap illumination. The two-photon excitation of As₂S₃ gives a refractive-index increase, unaccompanied by photodarkening. Raman-scattering spectra show that the excitation increases the density of ‘wrong’ bonds. These observations are discussed and compared with photo-induced changes in SiO₂.     

On the atomic structure of an asymmetrical near Σ = 27 grain boundary in copper

The atomic structure of an asymmetrical near Σ = 27 {525} tilt grain boundary (GB) in copper is determined by coupling high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and molecular dynamics simulation. The average GB plane is parallel to {414} in crystal (1) and {343} in crystal (2). The detailed GB structure shows that it is composed of facets always parallel to {101} and {111} in crystals (1) and (2), respectively. The atomic structure of one facet is described using the structural units model. Each facet is displaced with respect to its neighbours by a pure step, giving rise to the asymmetry of the GB plane orientation. The energy of this asymmetrical GB is significantly lower than that of both the {525} symmetrical and the {11,1,11}/{111} asymmetrical Σ = 27 GBs. One GB region displays another atomic structure with a dislocation that accounts for the misfit between interatomic distances in the {414} and {343} GB planes.     

Salesperson directive modification intention: a conceptualization and empirical validation

Salespersons represent an important and challenging set of employees for organizational management. Given frequently high autonomy levels and varied job roles, boundary spanning agents have ample opportunity and motivation to modify/ignore organizational directives. Based on a multi-theoretical perspective, this research sets forth a three-dimensional conceptualization of directive modification intentions and develops and empirically tests a scale designed to better explain this phenomenon while empirically validating its occurrence. Results indicate that boundary spanners have three distinct and relatively stable motivations for modifying/ignoring organizational directives, including customer-, organization-, and self-focused motivations, and that each motivation may potentially relate differently to important antecedent and outcome variables. Managerial and theoretical implications are discussed.