中国古代医政组织的演进及评价

中医概念体系需要细化和重构,在对中医辨证、辨病内涵实质进行再分析基础上,认为目前中医辨病辨证认识存在着关系不清、临床功能定位模糊等问题,阐述了细化重构中医辨治理论模型的必要性,并初步探析了辨病与辨证二者的趋同关系、互补关系、矛盾关系等,给出了面对辨病、辨证、辨症等多重认识时的处理原则。     

难治性肾病综合征典型病例的临床决策

难治性肾病综合征在肾内科临床实践中并不少见,其主要治疗是联合应用激素和细胞毒药物（如环磷酰胺、环孢素等）。少数患者,经以上联合治疗后仍不能达到临床缓解。而对于这些患者,长期使用激素及细胞毒药物不仅不能取得满意的效果,而且可能出现严重感染等并发症,甚至危及患者的生命,故在临床中应权衡利弊进行治疗决策。     

无聊：一个久远而又新兴的研究主题

无聊是个体由于知觉到生活无意义而产生的负性情绪体验, 它会直接或间接地影响各种社会心理功能。目前, 有关心理健康、社会适应、学业成绩等一系列心理问题的研究已经揭示了无聊的负性作用。但是, 无聊领域的研究还停留在理论探讨和相关研究层面, 概念定义尚没有完全统一, 缺乏系统的理论和完整的模型结构。未来研究可进一步深入探究无聊的作用机制, 并制定有效的干预方案来改善人们的无聊状态。     

代谢综合征：一个颇具争论的病名

代谢综合征（MS）囊括了肥胖、高血糖、高血压、血脂紊乱等代谢异常,其预测心血管疾病和糖尿病的能力得到公认。但是,医学界对MS的探索并没有停步,有关其命名、病因、不同组分预测疾病的能力等存在着争议。客观评价MS将有助于提高医生对疾病相互关系的认识。     

肠道菌群与代谢综合征

人类肠道内定植着大量的微生物,肠道菌群通过多种机制参与机体的能量代谢,影响着宿主食物向能量的转化,对宿主的健康有着重要作用,因此,可以将肠道菌群看作是具有多种调节功能的“体外器官”。近年来研究的结果提示人类胃肠道菌群的改变参与了肥胖及胰岛素抵抗的发生。本综述旨在探讨肠道正常菌群与代谢综合征的关系。     

The Monkey as a Psychological Subject

Many species in long-term captivity have tried to kill time by playing friendly games with their warders. In the end, only rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) could tolerate the tedious hide-and-seek games that their human jailers prefer to play. In this article, written many years before the Stockholm syndrome was first described, the author relates how it was eventually discovered which species is most willing to contribute to the development of a genuinely scientific human psychology. Harry F. Harlow died in 1981 and Dr. Frank C.P. van der Horst (fhorst@fsw.leidenuniv.nl) of Leiden University stands as the person to addess correspondence to.

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非典型性:后现代医学时代一个特征--非典型肺炎流行引发的一些思考

以非典型肺炎为案例,从后现代思维的角度讨论了现代医学的一些认识论问题和非典型肺炎流行引起恐慌的认识原因;提出了超越现代医学的后现代思维策略。     

科学思维的应用与心内重症的诊治

现代科学思维方法中,最具普遍适用意义、最重要的是系统思维方法、模糊思维方法等.介绍尝试将系统思维方法和模糊思维方法在心脏内科重症监护病房常见病诊治中应用的一些体会.     

Optimism across cultures: In response to the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak

Based on our early research, we predicted that the Chinese may be more optimistic and less pessimistic than North Americans in response to negative life events. A survey was conducted to investigate optimism cross culturally in the context of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreaks in Canada and China. Chinese students in Beijing and European Canadians in Toronto answered questions about their perceptions of SARS. No significant cultural difference was found on dispositional optimism, as measured by the Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R). Unrealistic optimism was measured in the context of SARS. Both groups demonstrated unrealistic optimism (i.e. reporting that the self was less likely than an average person to get infected with SARS). Such optimistic bias was stronger among Chinese than among Canadians. Compared to the actual infection rates in Beijing and Toronto, both Chinese and Canadian participants overestimated their own chances of getting infected, indicating that they were being pessimistic. Indeed, Chinese were less pessimistic than Canadians. In addition, even though the Chinese reported more inconvenience brought by SARS than did Canadians, they also reported more positive changes brought by SARS, reflecting the Chinese dialectical views of events. Implications for research on optimism in context are discussed.     

The psychology behind the masks: Psychological responses to the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak in different regions

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was first reported in China, and spread to 29 regions, affecting over 8000 people worldwide. For the general public, the psychological impact of SARS may have been greater than the physical health danger of the disease. The present paper proposes the influence of psychological factors on people's cognitive, affective, and behavioral responses during the SARS outbreak. The various papers in this special issue of the Journal reveal how people have reacted during the SARS outbreak: People's general coping styles may be related to their health behavior during the outbreak. Cultural differences were evident in the perception of SARS, and individuals' perceptual styles may have influenced their ability to cope with the outbreak. The way in which individuals coped with SARS-related stressful events was different from their usual practices of managing daily stress. Individual differences in the adoption of preventive measures were related to the distinct susceptibility to several social-cognitive biases.