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521.
Susan H. Landry Nancy A. Leslie Jack M. Fletcher David J. Francis 《Infant behavior & development》1985,8(3):309-321
The relation between two medical complications associated with prematurity (intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)) and visual attention skills of very low birth-weight (VLBW) infants were examined. Fourteen preterm VLBW infants with IVH and RDS, 9 preterms with RDS and no IVH, and 10 full-term infants matched on SES, sex, and race were assessed at 7 months of age (after correction for prematurity) for their ability to show a decremental response to a familiar visual stimulus and an increment in response to a novel visual stimulus. Measures of attention getting (turning toward a stimulus) and attention holding (sustained fixation on the stimulus after turning) were taken. On the attention-getting measures, IVH-RDS preterms had longer latencies than both the RDS-no-IVH preterm group and the full-term group. There were no group differences on attention-holding measures. The three groups did not differ in habituation to the familiar visual stimulus or discrimination of the novel stimulus. This study indicates that the early visual attention skills of preterm infants are differentially affected by specific types of prenatal complications. 相似文献
522.
The long-term outcome of a personal network-oriented HIV prevention intervention for injection drug users: The SAFE study 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Carl A. Latkin Wallace Mandell David Vlahov Maria Oziemkowska David D. Celentano 《American journal of community psychology》1996,24(3):341-364
Social influence processes have been found to affect numerous drug and health-related behaviors. We postulated that by using a network-oriented intervention it may be possible to capitalize on social influence processes to reduce human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk behaviors. The present study used an experimental study design for delivering a psychoeducational acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) preventive intervention to injection drug sharing networks. Participants were recruited from the ALIVE study, an epidemiological study in Baltimore. In the present paper we examine the self-reported behavioral outcomes of 117 injection drug users 18 months after the baseline interview. HIV seronegative experimental participants reported significantly less frequent needle sharing and less injecting of heroin and cocaine than controls. In multiple logistic regression models of HIV seronegative participants, there was a significant negative association between assignment to the experimental group and the HIV-related behaviors of needle sharing and sharing of cookers in the prior 6 months; controls were 2.8 times more likely than experimentals to report needle sharing and were 2.7 times more likely to report sharing cookers. The results of this 18-month follow-up suggest that among injection drug users network-oriented interventions may be a promising approach to HIV prevention. 相似文献
523.
Using a sample of 556 adolescents from a suburban community, patterns of various adolescent problem behaviors (e.g., delinquent
behavior, smoking, use of alcohol or drugs) and their links to self-efficacy, social competence, and life events were examined.
Cluster analysis was conducted to identify four subgroups of adolescents who showed distinct patterns of problem behaviors.
These clusters were compared on the measures of self-efficacy, social competence, and life events. Overall results suggest
there are meaningful links between adolescents’ problem behavior patterns and self-efficacy, the amount and quality of participation
in various after school activities, and life events. For example, a subgroup of adolescents who showed uniformly low prevalence
of all problem behaviors reported more positive academic self-efficacy, more active participation in sports and nonsports
activities, more positive life events, and fewer negative events than adolescents who were involved in multiple problem behaviors.
Implications for prevention and future research on adolescent problem behaviors are discussed. 相似文献
524.
Philip Sanford Zeskind Kathleen Platzman Claire D. Coles Pamela A. Schuetze 《Infant behavior & development》1996,19(4):478
The threshold, latency, and peak fundamental frequency (basic pitch) of crying were sensitive to the subclinical effects of prenatal alcohol exposure through the first month of postnatal life. Whereas infants with prenatal alcohol exposure showed a lower cry pitch and higher cry threshold at 2 days of age, higher pitched cries, typical of nervous system insult, were evident at 14 and 28 days. A longer latency was also evident at 14 days. 相似文献
525.
BRITA RYDE BRANDT 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》1996,37(3):312-316
Using standardized neuropsychological tests, tactual finger discrimination, graphaesthesia and stereognosis were studied in a group of 11 children aged 7–11 years with Down's syndrome (DS). All tasks were solved without visual control. The performance was subnormal in each test and the results of the stereognosis test were particularly poor. It was ascertained that the DS children could understand test instructions. Moreover, under visual control all objects used in the stereognosis test were handled correctly. The results suggest that tactual perception is subnormal in children with DS. The pathogenesis of the somatosensory abnormalities should be explored. 相似文献
526.
Although substantial research has been conducted on chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) over the past decade, the syndrome remains poorly understood. The most recent case definition describes CFS as being characterized both by disabling fatigue and by subjective reports of difficulty with concentration and short-term memory. However, research into the neurocognitive and psychological functioning of individuals with CFS has provided mixed objective results. The current paper reviews studies that have examined the neurocognitive and/or psychological functioning of individuals with CFS. Changes in research design and instruments employed to study individuals with CFS are suggested. 相似文献
527.
Garry Hornby Ph.D. 《Journal of child and family studies》1995,4(1):103-117
This study examined fathers' views about the effects of children with Down syndrome on themselves and their families. Taped interviews were obtained from 90 fathers of children aged from 7 to 14 years. Qualitative analysis of the interview data revealed 28 categories of comments made by fathers. The most frequent comment, made by 46% of fathers, was about the cheerful personality of their child with Down syndrome. About 42% of fathers talked about the initial trauma they experienced following the diagnosis; 43% of them bemoaned the restrictions imposed on the family, and 30% commented that the child had minimal effects on family life. The greatest concern expressed by fathers was the long-term provision for their children. More fathers commented on the positive effects on their marriage than on negative effects. The results of this study provide a somewhat different view of fathers' experiences to that found in the existing literature. 相似文献
528.
H.Branch Coslett 《Brain and cognition》1998,37(3):527-544
Subjects with left neglect often fail to use and, in some instances, recognize the left side of the body. We performed a series of investigations to determine if this deficit is, at least in part, attributable to an impairment in the “body schema,” an internal three-dimensional, dynamic representation of the spatial and biomechanical properties of one's body. First, subjects were shown a series of pictures of a single hand and asked to determine if the stimulus was a right or left hand. Subjects with neglect but not other subjects with brain lesions identified pictures of left (contralesional) hands significantly less reliably than pictures of right hands. On the basis of evidence demonstrating that the identification of pictured hands involves the matching of the stimuli to an on-line mental representation of one's body, these data suggest that neglect may be associated with a disruption of, or failure to attend to, the body schema. Data from subsequent investigations contrasting patients with left neglect and Gerstmann's syndrome argue for a distinction between a body schema and a “body image,” or conceptual representation of the body which articulates with language. 相似文献
529.
William McCown Harry Galina Judith Johnson Phillip A. DeSimone Jennifer Posa 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》1993,15(2):87-95
Behavioral neuroscience findings regarding stress-induced analgesia may be an appropriate model for the paradoxical effects of self-mutilative pain of patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD). We hypothesized that BPD patients would show an exaggerated antinociceptive effect from an uncontrollable cold pressor stress, compared to persons with other personality disorders or to a nonpsychiatric control group. This hypothesis was supported. Limitations of the study and directions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
530.
Steven Taylor 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》1993,15(2):97-112
The present article critically examines the diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder (BPD) recently proposed by the DSM-IV Axis II work group (Gunderson, J. G., et al., Journal of Personality Disorders, 5, 340–352, 1991). It is concluded that some of the revisions are trivial and there is insufficient justification for others. The revisions are likely to increase the overlap between BPD and other disorders and represent an attempt to retain a categorical classification in the face of evidence that a dimensional model is more appropriate. Evidence suggests that many borderline traits are manifestations of extreme neuroticism. 相似文献