Regularized Partial and/or Constrained Redundancy Analysis

Methods of incorporating a ridge type of regularization into partial redundancy analysis (PRA), constrained redundancy analysis (CRA), and partial and constrained redundancy analysis (PCRA) were discussed. The usefulness of ridge estimation in reducing mean square error (MSE) has been recognized in multiple regression analysis for some time, especially when predictor variables are nearly collinear, and the ordinary least squares estimator is poorly determined. The ridge estimation method was extended to PRA, CRA, and PCRA, where the reduced rank ridge estimates of regression coefficients were obtained by minimizing the ridge least squares criterion. It was shown that in all cases they could be obtained in closed form for a fixed value of ridge parameter. An optimal value of the ridge parameter is found by G-fold cross validation. Illustrative examples were given to demonstrate the usefulness of the method in practical data analysis situations. We thank Jim Ramsay for his insightful comments on an earlier draft of this paper. The work reported in this paper is supported by Grants 10630 from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada to the first author.     

简单与复杂物理问题解决及状态元认知

本研究采用认知作业分析及问卷法,研究了中学生简单与复杂物理问题解决的表征机制及状态元认知结构。结果显示：(1)物理问题解决是对问题的表征状态不断转换的过程,其受认知主体信息的提取、转换、整合能力及状态元认知的影响;(2)中学生物理问题解决中的状态元认知主要由他的自我效能感、自我监测、策略系统三种成分构成;(3)复杂问题解决的关链是正确提取范畴性知识以形成对问题的深层表征。     

初一学生英语单词记忆策略的训练研究

在初一学生英语单词学习中引入关键词和概念归类策略训练,探讨了记忆策略的训练效果和自我效能对英语单词记忆的影响。结果发现：两种策略训练都能显著提高初一学生英语单词扇一效果相近;关键词策略训练可显著提高低自我效能被试的自我效能感;记忆自我效能对英语单词记忆行为有显著影响,高自我效能被试在训练后英语单词记忆成绩更好。     

现代胸腔镜外科实践中的科学思维

现代胸腔镜外科的出现开创了胸外科的新纪元,大大推动了现代胸外科的发展.但现代胸腔镜外科的出现毕竟是一个新鲜事物,主动运用科学的思维方法有助于我们更好地掌握这门先进技术,更充分发挥它的作用.结合自己在现代胸腔镜外科实践中的体会,阐述自觉掌握、运用科学思维方法的重大意义.     

试析弗兰克尔的意义治疗理论

意义治疗是奥地利著名精神医学家和心理医生弗兰克尔所提出的一种心理治疗理论.主要分析了意义治疗理论的基本命题、发现生命意义的途径以及意义治疗的核心技术和方法.     

科学思维的应用与心内重症的诊治

现代科学思维方法中,最具普遍适用意义、最重要的是系统思维方法、模糊思维方法等.介绍尝试将系统思维方法和模糊思维方法在心脏内科重症监护病房常见病诊治中应用的一些体会.     

An observational measure of children's behavioural style: Evidence supporting a multi‐method approach to studying temperament

This study demonstrates the potential utility of the Behavioural Style Observational System (BSOS) as a new observational measure of children's behavioural style. The BSOS is an objective, short and easy to use measure that can be readily adapted to a variety of home and laboratory situations. In the present study, 160 mother–child dyads from the Concordia Longitudinal Risk Project (CLRP) were observed during an 11‐min behavioural sample. Videotaped interactions were coded using the BSOS for children's mood, activity level, vocal reactivity, approach to toys, mood consistency and adaptability. Comparisons between the BSOS observational ratings and mothers' ratings of the child on the EAS Temperament Survey (EAS) provided support for modest congruence between these two measurement systems, and revealed a differential predictive pattern of children's functioning. Specifically, the observation‐based BSOS predicted children's cognitive performance and adaptive behaviour during testing, whereas the mother‐rated EAS predicted maternal ratings of children's internalizing and externalizing behaviour problems. Both measures were found to independently predict mothers' ratings of parenting stress. Overall, the findings imply that neither observational measures nor maternal ratings alone are sufficient to understand children's behavioural style, and that comprehensive evaluations of children's temperament should optimally include both types of measures. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

试论特殊儿童心理学研究的特点与方法

本文在参考国外有关资料及结合自己研究的基础上,提出了特殊儿童心理学研究的一些基本特点,介绍了适合特殊儿童心理学研究的一些方法。同时,对研究中常用的质的研究与单一被试实验研究的方法论问题进行了讨论。     

Products of Modal Logics. Part 3: Products of Modal and Temporal Logics

In this paper we improve the results of [2] by proving the product f.m.p. for the product of minimal n-modal and minimal n-temporal logic. For this case we modify the finite depth method introduced in [1]. The main result is applied to identify new fragments of classical first-order logic and of the equational theory of relation algebras, that are decidable and have the finite model property.     

“逆临床思维”与新型疾病发现方法的探讨

目的 初步总结发现新型疾病的方法和医学思维方式。方法 研究30余种疾病发现的过程。结果 新型疾病的发现过程和判断的思维方式似可初步总结为以下几个方面：（1）以疾病的异常特征为发现新型疾病的线索,包括流行病学、临床、实验室三个方面。（2）发现线索后从以上三个方面全面系统收集资料。（3）运用宏观思维寻找群体的共同特征,排除个体差异。（4）不仅收集与已知疾病相同的特征,而且还应注意与已知疾病不同的特征,然后综合分析判断。结论 发现新型疾病的方法与思维方式不同于经典的临床思维模式。