《内经》藏象理论体系的建构方法

采用文献发生学研究方法,分析<内经>藏象理论体系的建构过程.认为:观察方法、系统方法、数学方法、逻辑方法、医疗实践方法等是形成<内经>藏象理论的主要方法.揭示了<内经>藏象理论体系的整体性、功能性、辨证性等内在特征和本质规律.     

青光眼筛查的必要性及方法评价

青光眼的筛查是非常必要的。对于青光眼的筛查应遵循简易、快捷、价廉、有效的原则,但目前国内外尚缺少一套公认、成熟的青光眼筛查方法。通过探讨几种常用的青光眼筛查方法,认为应创建中心医院与社区医院结合的青光眼筛查新模式。     

国外儿童科学思维发展的新探索

儿童科学思维是发展心理学研究领域的重要的研究课题。最近十年,儿童科学思维发展的研究经历了显著的变化。文章对儿童科学思维发展的研究进行简要回顾,主要阐述有关儿童科学思维发展的特殊领域知识、一般领域策略、概念和策略的整合模型以及微观发生法,并在此基础上,对儿童科学思维发展研究进行简单的评价和展望。     

应用系统的科学方法研究失重骨丧失的机制

航天飞行的失重环境引起的骨质丧失的机理极其复杂,是多系统,多水平综合作用的结果。应用系统的科学方法来指导失重致骨丧失的具体研究,可以更全面客观地分析问题,促进研究的进展。     

实验性近视模型变迁的回顾及其评价

近视由于其危害性成为科研热点,而近视模型的出现使其研究得到突破。模拟人类近视发展的不同模型无论在近视形成机制还是在物种选择,以及研究部位的变迁中均体现出哲学与科学相结合的过程。汲取不同类型的模型优点,并同人类原型予以比较,对解读近视本质和病因治疗有深远意义。     

Providing Practicing Teachers Classroom Management Professional Development in a Brief Self-Study Format

This study examined the impact of a time efficient self-study method for providing practicing teachers with job-embedded professional development targeting specific classroom management skills. The training method employed print packets and videotapes that provided models of effective classroom management strategies for instruction-giving, praise, and time out. Participants were three master’s level speech therapists certified to teach speech and language delayed preschool children. The training materials were evaluated through observations of the teachers’ implementation of targeted practices in a multiple baseline across participants. Results indicated increases in all participants use of the management skills after training. The results suggest that this type of training method may help teachers increase their use of effective classroom management procedures. It is potentially noteworthy that the training program examined herein was largely teacher managed and was quite brief. Future directions and limitations of the study are discussed.Natalie J. Slider is now at Brownsburg Community School Corporation.     

Revising Method in Psychological Studies of Religious Matters: From Repeating to Remembering and Working-Through

Fundamental criticisms of research in psychology of religion are recurrently leveled by scholars—including psychologists of religion themselves: the character, intention, and validity of many studies are suspect; approaches are parochial; findings are often insubstantial. These valid critiques betray a neglected root cause: a problem of method. This essay examines method and method change, considers why inadequate methods persist as well as how operative methods are corrected. It identifies tacit problematic commitments and outlines contours of a revised method.     

Bayesian adaptive estimation: The next dimension

We propose a new psychometric model for two-dimensional stimuli, such as color differences, based on parameterizing the threshold of a one-dimensional psychometric function as an ellipse. The Ψ Bayesian adaptive estimation method applied to this model yields trials that vary in multiple stimulus dimensions simultaneously. Simulations indicate that this new procedure can be much more efficient than the more conventional procedure of estimating the psychometric function on one-dimensional lines independently, requiring only one-fourth or less the number of trials for equivalent performance in typical situations. In a real psychophysical experiment with a yes-no task, as few as 22 trials per estimated threshold ellipse were enough to consistently demonstrate certain color appearance phenomena. We discuss the practical implications of the multidimensional adaptation. In order to make the application of the model practical, we present two significantly faster algorithms for running the Ψ method: a discretized algorithm utilizing the Fast Fourier Transform for better scaling with the sampling rates and a Monte Carlo particle filter algorithm that should be able to scale into even more dimensions.     

美国人格障碍共病问题研究介评

在美国,自从DSM体系建立起来,人格障碍就一直受到研究者及临床人员的关注。随着DSM-III将人格障碍归于独立的一轴,发展起全新的诊断思路,人格障碍的共病问题就尤其受到了重视。该文首先介绍了共病问题的状况及主要的几种解释模型,然后就该领域出现的应对方式及研究方案作了系统总结,最后还就如何认识共病问题等提出了思考     

心理学中实验法的方法论地位重估

认知心理学以实验法为其方法论基础,着力对人类的认识过程进行模型建构。然而,早在20世纪70年代初,其创立者奈塞尔就对心理学的实验范式感到不满,转而寻求心理学的生态学效度。心理学中对实验法的推崇源于自然科学特别是物理学的成功。而实际上,物理学在20世纪初遭遇了实验法所带来的困境。受制于实验法的种种局限,当代认知科学逐渐放弃了方法论的沙文主义立场,接纳了来自语言学、哲学、神经科学等多领域、多视角的研究策略。心理学在一定程度上具有人文科学的性质,因此同样需要采用多重研究手段和方法,而不是一味地笃信实验法的权威性。