A Systematic Review and Psychometric Evaluation of Adaptive Behavior Scales and Recommendations for Practice

Adaptive behavior scales are vital in assessing children and adolescents who experience a range of disabling conditions in school settings. This article presents the results of an evaluation of the design characteristics, norming, scale characteristics, reliability and validity evidence, and bias identification studies supporting 14 norm-referenced, informant-based interviews and rating scales designed to measure adaptive behaviors. To derive these results, the manuals for each of these scales were reviewed using a standardized coding procedure, and information about each scale was double-coded by reviewers. Findings reveal that several evidence-based adaptive behavior scales are available to school psychologists. Concluding recommendations address selection and use of adaptive behavior scales as part of a comprehensive assessment, using the optimal methods of administration of adaptive behavior scales, and interpreting resultant scores that have demonstrated the highest levels of reliability and the largest body of validity evidence.     

临床医学教学研究课题伦理审查常见问题分析

临床医学教学研究课题常见的伦理问题包括混淆常规教学与课题研究、混淆理论教学与临床教学、自行做出“豁免知情同意”判断、混淆临床试验与教学研究、忽视“间接受试者”选择的公正性等。分析其深层次原因,发现主要包括对风险的防范意识与“爱伤”观念未有机结合、在课题设计阶段并未考虑风险控制的问题、对伦理学原则特别是知情同意原则理解不深。因此,研究项目主持者应该增强风险意识、提高伦理修养、自觉树立保护受试者利益的意识、认真履行知情同意程序。

     

生命回顾疗法介入晚期癌症患者死亡恐惧的实践探索

聚焦晚期癌症患者死亡恐惧,分析比较生命回顾疗法的实际应用。基于临床服务案例,医务社工发现晚期癌症患者的死亡恐惧主要受躯体症状、疾病归因、家庭支持和心性支持四方面影响。医务社工通过运用生命回顾疗法对晚期癌症患者进行干预,依托建立早期良好专业关系、正视死亡恐惧、回顾重要生命事件、强化/修复重要关系、增强自我认同五大策略,赋予患者生命新的价值和希望,实现生命意义的整合,有效缓解个体死亡恐惧,改善末期生命质量。

     

叙事隐喻的作用机制及其在绘本中的应用

叙事隐喻不仅仅是一种修辞手法或语言中暗含的言外之意,更是一种理解、看待问题的哲学方式,构成了叙事疗法的要素核心。通过文献梳理与分析,对叙事隐喻作用机制进行探讨,揭示了其在第三叙事视角转换、长时记忆、具身认知体验三个方面的特异性作用。并结合绘本阅读,阐明以绘本为载体的叙事隐喻在青少年与成人心理治疗中的表现形式、共通性作用机制和不同的临床实践运用,期望为“绘本阅读+叙事疗法”的联合治疗提供可能性和有效性参考。

     

医学研究生动物实验伦理认知考察：以雄性连体鼠受孕为例

动物实验是医学研究与教育中不可或缺的环节,也是培养其科研伦理意识的实践途径。对410名医学研究生的研究结果显示：56.8%的人称不应开展雄性连体鼠受孕实验,58.1%的人称此实验违背了3R原则,76.3%的人称此类研究需要接受伦理委员会的伦理审批。被调查医学研究生的动物实验伦理认知情况尚好。因此建议医学院校和科研院所要加强动物实验伦理教育,提高医学研究生和科研人员的伦理意识和伦理决策能力,健全伦理审查制度,优化医学科技伦理治理环境。

     

2023版伦理审查办法的基本要求及审查要点评析

以科技创新与高质量发展要求为背景来解读2023年颁布的《涉及人的生命科学和医学研究伦理审查办法》（以下简称《办法》）,解析了该《办法》的总体框架与监管范围、伦理原则与审查要求、风险控制与知情同意,以及公平分配负担与受益。结合干细胞临床研究项目和健康医疗大数据研究,考察了其伦理审查要点。最后,作者提出《办法》不足之处,一是未明确研究者提交给伦理审查委员会材料清单的若干细节内容;二是的对伦理审查委员会的职责的若干规定有商榷之处。

     

儿童死亡教育绘本的内在逻辑探讨

围绕儿童死亡教育绘本的本然之性,即求真之认识生死规律、至善之明晰生命意义、尽美之珍爱生命健康,发现我国儿童死亡教育绘本受民族、文化、社会的诸多因素影响,其实然之境堪忧,包括“生”与“死”比例失衡、“质”与“量”难以保证、“支持系统”松散无序。针对存在的问题,提出可以采取同等看待生死价值、优质优量本土化开发与运用、构建家校社教育链条的应然之策,以推进儿童死亡教育绘本的可持续发展,最终帮助儿童悦享幸福人生。

     

Performance slumps in sport: A systematic review

This systematic review explored the under-researched experience of performance slumps in sport with four objectives: (i) review definitions of a performance slump; (ii) identify known causes of a performance slump; (iii) identify the symptoms athletes present when in a performance slump; and (iv) review approaches used to combat a slump in performance. Literature searches into three databases (PsychARTICLES, PsychINFO and SPORTDiscus) resulted in the inclusion of quantitative (n = 14) and qualitative (n = 4) empirical research studies. The findings were thematically analysed and narratively synthesised. Results showed that: (i) definitions of a performance slump vary; (ii) perceived expectations for success and athletes attributing poor performance to something about themselves have been empirically verified as performance slump causes; (iii) during a slump, athletes might display a range of emotional and psychological symptoms and/or adopt skill-focused attention; and (iv) athletes reported several ways of coping with a performance slump, and research has offered succeeding under pressure as a potential route out of a slump. This systematic review highlights the need for an empirical investigation of the performance slump phenomenon. Future studies should be directed towards understanding the prominent symptoms athletes experience during the slump, so that cause, context, competitor and symptomatic dependant intervention strategies can be designed.     

Conflict of interest in biomedical research: a view from Europe

In this paper I address the conflict of interest (CoI) issue from a legal point of view at a European level. We will see that the regulatory framework that exists in Europe does state the need for the independence of ethics committee involved in authorisation of research and clinical trials. We will see that CoI is an element that has to be closely monitored at National and International level. Therefore, Member States and Newly Associated States do have to address CoI in the authorisation process of research and clinical protocols of biomedicine. The opinions here expressed are personal and do not commit the European Commission. An earlier version of this paper was delivered at a Conference on Conflict of Interest and Its Significance in Science and Medicine, 5–6 April, 2002, Warsaw, Poland. The author is a Scientific Officer in the Programme Science and Society dealing with ethics and science (Unit C.3).     

Being Young and Strictly Religious: A Review of the Literature on the Religious Identity Development of Strictly Religious Adolescents

Strictly religious adolescents grow up in highly religious contexts with orthodox beliefs and practices that usually contrast with those of pluralist and secularized societies that can be perceived as promoting unhealthy religious identity development. For these adolescents, religious identity development may be a challenge; however, there seems to be a lack of theoretical and empirical understanding of how these adolescents develop their religious identities. To address this, a literature review was conducted, and 15 studies were selected after the application of selection criteria. This review focuses on the characteristics of these studies to understand the religious identity development of strictly religious adolescents. Implications for theory development and further empirical research are discussed.