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991.
We present the first large-scale, quantitative examination of mind and body concepts in a set of historical sources by measuring the predictions of folk mind-body dualism against the surviving textual corpus of pre-Qin (pre-221 BCE) China. Our textual analysis found clear patterns in the historically evolving reference of the word xin (heart/heart-mind): It alone of the organs was regularly contrasted with the physical body, and during the Warring States period it became less associated with emotions and increasingly portrayed as the unique locus of "higher" cognitive abilities. We interpret this as a semantic shift toward a shared cognitive bias in response to a vast and rapid expansion of literacy. Our study helps test the proposed universality of folk dualism, adds a new quantitative approach to the methods used in the humanities, and opens up a new and valuable data source for cognitive scientists: the record of dead minds. 相似文献
992.
We report the results of a cross-cultural investigation of person-body reasoning in the United Kingdom and northern Brazilian Amazon (Marajó Island). The study provides evidence that directly bears upon divergent theoretical claims in cognitive psychology and anthropology, respectively, on the cognitive origins and cross-cultural incidence of mind-body dualism. In a novel reasoning task, we found that participants across the two sample populations parsed a wide range of capacities similarly in terms of the capacities' perceived anchoring to bodily function. Patterns of reasoning concerning the respective roles of physical and biological properties in sustaining various capacities did vary between sample populations, however. Further, the data challenge prior ad-hoc categorizations in the empirical literature on the developmental origins of and cognitive constraints on psycho-physical reasoning (e.g., in afterlife concepts). We suggest cross-culturally validated categories of "Body Dependent" and "Body Independent" items for future developmental and cross-cultural research in this emerging area. 相似文献
993.
Embodied semantic theories suppose that representation of word meaning and actual sensory-motor processing are implemented in overlapping systems. According to this view, association and dissociation of different word meaning should correspond to dissociation and association of the described sensory-motor processing. Previous studies demonstrate that although tool-use actions and hand actions have overlapping neural substrates, tool-use actions show greater activations in frontal–parietal–temporal regions that are responsible for motor control and tool knowledge processing. In the present study, we examined the association and the dissociation of the semantic representation of tool-use verbs and hand action verbs. Chinese verbs describing tool-use or hand actions without tools were included, and a passive reading task was employed. All verb conditions showed common activations in areas of left middle frontal gyrus, left inferior frontal gyrus (BA 44/45) and left inferior parietal lobule relative to rest, and all conditions showed significant effects in premotor areas within the mask of hand motion effects. Contrasts between tool-use verbs and hand verbs demonstrated that tool verbs elicited stronger activity in left superior parietal lobule, left middle frontal gyrus and left posterior middle temporal gyrus. Additionally, psychophysiological interaction analyses demonstrated that tool verbs indicated greater connectivity among these regions. These results suggest that the brain regions involved in tool-use action processing also play more important roles in tool-use verb processing and that similar systems may be responsible for word meaning representation and actual sensory-motor processing. 相似文献
994.
This commentary outlines an approach to social representations which emphasizes the normative and dynamic nature of shared knowledge. Social representations both connect and divide people, for example through shared ingroup and outgroup stereotypes derived from antagonistic social representations. Through asymmetrical intergroup communication and influence, in turn, social representations are formed, maintained, and contested. In this dynamic process, powerful majorities attempt to define the meaning of new or otherwise important information as a function of their group norms, while subordinate minorities employ propaganda techniques of social influence to resist majority influence and propose alternative positions. 相似文献
995.
Processes of child and adolescent vocational development include acquisition of knowledge, beliefs, and values about work options and requirements, exploration of interests that will be relevant for occupational interest development, development of academic aspirations, self-efficacy, expectations, and attainment. These elements serve to provide preparation for entry into a range of occupations and provide for the establishment of vocational aspirations, occupational self-efficacy, expectations, planning, and attainment. Parenting occurs within a family context influenced by a myriad of factors, including availability of financial capital, human capital, social capital, child agency, work-family interfacing, family roles, family structure, and the historical conditions affecting parents. These family contextual factors promote our understanding of differences in parenting in relation to child and adolescent vocational development. Far more complex than specific steps to entering the labor market per se, child and adolescent vocational development includes the interfacing of parenting and developmental processes. 相似文献
996.
万慧进 《医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)》2006,27(5):46-47,51
在现代医学的语境中,女性的身体究竟是什么?是被当作肉体还是视作活生生的身体?这在很大程度上影响着女性的地位和命运。辅助生殖技术迎合了社会的主流需要,使女性的身体客观化为肉体,女性作为活生生的身体已被淡漠和遗忘。辅助生殖技术只有成为女性的自主选择才是合理的。 相似文献
997.
Nicholas Shackel 《Erkenntnis》2006,64(3):393-401
Dretske proposes a theory of knowledge in terms of a theory of information, but wishes to deny that empirical knowledge settles
the large question of scepticism. This leads him to deny the closure of knowledge under known entailment. In a recent paper
J?ger argues that Dretske’s theory of information entails closure for knowledge, ‘at least for the kind of propositions here at issue’ (J?ger 2004:194). If J?ger is right, Dretske
is seriously embarrassed and must give something up. In this paper I show that there are two flaws in J?ger’s argument. The
principle of informational closure considered by J?ger is incompatible with Dretske’s theory of information, and J?ger’s argument
that Dretske is committed to a certain kind of substitution instance of that principle of informational closure is invalid.
I propose adequacy conditions on signalled information and use them to motivate a formulation of a general closure principle
for signalled information. I show that Dretske’s account of information satisfies the adequacy conditions, but in a way which
commits him to an instance of the general closure principle. I argue that Dretske is consequently committed to closure for
some cases of knowledge for which he wishes to deny closure. Finally, I sketch how, on the basis of the closure principle
to which Dretske is committed, J?ger’s broader argument may yet go through. 相似文献
998.
In addition to enjoying pleasurable bodily activities, people appear threatened by the physical aspects of the body; they
experience anxiety and inhibitions surrounding sex, eating, bodily appearance and functions. Based on terror management theory,
we posit that people are dually motivated to approach the life-affirming properties of the physical body, and to avoid the
physical or animalistic aspects of the body because of their association with death. This paper summarizes a substantial body
of research, consisting of over twenty empirical studies, that identify personality and situational variables that interact
with mortality concerns, moderating approach and avoidance attitudes and behaviors with respect to the physical body. We suggest
that this dynamic motivation can go far in explaining the often observed ambivalence toward the body. 相似文献
999.
1000.
According to role theory each participant in a peer interaction performs a specific role in order to maintain his/her face.
The aim of the present study was to examine whether the roles performed during collaborative problem solving affect the establishment
of shared mathematical knowledge. The participants of our study were 40 student teachers who worked in dyads to solve three
mathematical problems. The categorization of the roles performed and the analysis of their effect in the establishment of
shared knowledge led us to the conclusion that certain role combinations enhance while others hinder the establishment of
shared mathematical knowledge.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for the Psychology
of Mathematics Education (PME 28), held in Bergen, Norway in 2004. 相似文献