Schools as Vehicles to Assess Experiences,Improve Outcomes,and Effect Social Change

Schools are important settings that can be utilized to yield a positive impact on youth and the many issues our society faces. In this Presidential Address, I identify key issues and directions for the field, advocating that we need to expand our ecological focus, improve school climate, and collaborate with schools to effect change. To illustrate these key themes, findings from four projects with k‐12 youth and educators in the United States are described, and these projects have the following foci: protective factors for youth exposed to violence, teacher‐directed violence as part of an APA Task Force, school climate and neighborhood factors in relation to academic outcomes, and school transitions for students with disabilities. Challenges and future directions to build upon community psychology theory, research, practice, and policy are discussed.     

Performing the imago Dei: human enhancement,artificial intelligence and optative image-bearing

If the imago Dei is not a taxonomic definition but rather something that is performed in context, what are the implications for questions of human enhancement and the development of artificial intelligence (AI)? The author considers Alistair McFadyen’s performative vision of the imago Dei, one that actively seeks humanity in concrete situations, in the context of human enhancement and AI, asking the questions, ‘Does becoming cyborg through human enhancement make us less bearers of the divine image?’ And, ‘Can AI ever be considered to be in the image of God?’ Briefly tracing the shift in perspectives on the imago Dei, before considering what a performance of the image might look like, the author proposes three performances that have significant implications for questions about what it means to be human. To be an image-bearer is not dependent upon human DNA or species membership, but on an optative performance of the imago Dei.     

解释框架对文化混搭产品评价的影响——比较焦点和解释策略的调节效应

文化混搭产品因涉及到不同国家的文化符号的同时呈现, 可能导致母国文化的完整性与生命力受到威胁, 引发外国文化入侵母国文化的感知进而降低消费者的产品评价。本研究从文化混搭产品的营销传播视角出发, 基于前人的研究基础之上, 探讨了不同信息表述框架策略的采用会如何影响消费者的文化入侵感知进而影响他们对文化混搭产品的评价, 并重点探究了它可能存在的两个边界条件, 即消费者的比较焦点和企业的不同解释策略。两个实验的结果不仅再一次验证了前人所得出的研究结论, 即文化混搭产品采用“外国文化-母国文化”的框架策略时, 会使消费者产生外国文化改变了母国文化的感知, 导致消费者对产品的评价要显著低于采用“母国文化-外国文化”的框架策略, 其中感知文化入侵起着完全中介的作用。更重要的是, 深入揭示出上述的这种不同文化混搭框架效应只有在启动的是消费者的差异性聚焦以及企业采用的是属性解释策略时才存在, 而当启动的是消费者的相似性聚焦以及企业采用关系解释策略时, 这一效应将会消失。本研究不仅深入剖析出了引发消费者对文化混搭现象产生排斥性反应的内在机理, 拓展了前人研究结论的普适性, 也为企业的文化混搭产品的营销推广提供了有用的实践启示。     

具身心理治疗:原理与技术

具身心理治疗是以身体心理治疗、舞动治疗为代表的,理论上契合具身认知观点、实践中注重身体作用的一种当代心理治疗取向。它将"身体"与"躯体"区分开来,赋予身体解剖学的、感觉运动的、认知的与嵌入环境等不同层面的意义。当前,已有不少研究证实身体有助于改善治疗关系,促进来访者认知、情绪的改变,并发展出一系列注重身体内外感知、姿势或运动的非言语治疗技术。具身心理治疗重构了身体在治疗过程中的概念与角色,发展了新的技术,是传统心理治疗的有益补充;但也存在实证证据不足、理论框架尚未完全整合、容易过分强调身体作用等问题。今后需自觉整合其他治疗流派、开发独特的核心技术,推进循证的具身心理治疗的发展。     

七氟醚与丙泊酚麻醉诱导用于小儿支气管异物取出术的比较

小儿气管或支气管异物取出术是临床常见的急症手术。本研究比较了七氟醚与丙泊酚应用于小儿支气管异物取出术的麻醉效果及不良反应。70例全麻下支气管异物取出术患儿,随机分为七氟醚组（S组）和丙泊酚组（P组）。两组分别接受瑞芬太尼静脉输注合并七氟醚吸入或丙泊酚静脉注射进行麻醉。记录诱导前、下镜前、下镜时以及下镜后1、3、5、7、10min时的HR和SBP,记录术中、术后不良反应的发生情况及手术医师对操作条件的满意程度。两组患儿各时点的HR和SBP无显著差异,仅在下镜时及下镜后1min时HR和SBP发生明显变化。所有患者均未发生喉痉挛或支气管痉挛,呼吸抑制的发生率两组无显著差异;P组呛咳反射发生率较高而S组苏醒期躁动发生率较高;S组手术医师的满意度较高。七氟醚或丙泊酚麻醉后不良反应的发生率各不相同,七氟醚能为支气管镜手术提供更好的操作条件。     

目标追求过程中的权力效应

权力在心理学中被定义为一种对他人施加影响的能力。理论和实证研究都表明, 个体在目标追求的过程中, 个体权力感的高低对个体的目标追求的认知过程和行为结果都会产生影响。具体表现为在认知加工方面, 高权力者的信息加工抽象程度更高, 注意保持和分配能力也更好; 在行为结果上, 高权力者能更果断地设定目标、目标追求的行动力也更强。在权力和目标追求关系中, 预期自我调节的倾向类型起到中介作用。     

人体组织和器官捐献补偿的哲学思考

人体组织和器官捐献制度以“康德哲学”作为哲学基础,以“利他主义”作为伦理基础。人体组织和器官捐献补偿首先需要走出康德“目的公式”的哲学迷思与“纯粹利他主义”的伦理困境。通过对美国人体组织和器官补偿模式的介绍,建议我国在人体组织和器官捐献补偿问题上应当采取法定高额的补偿路径,即通过直接的经济补偿与社会福利政策相结合的并存模式,实现有效激励与人之伦理价值保护的统一,合理设计我国的人体组织和器官补偿制度。

     

Understanding the weapon focus effect: The role of threat,unusualness, exposure duration,and scene complexity

We examined the role of exposure duration and scene complexity on the weapon focus effect (WFE). Memory for the mock crime was affected more by a weapon than an unusual but nonthreatening object. Threat reduced correct identifications when the event was short but not long; duration of the event did not interact with unusualness. Additionally, we found a WFE for target‐absent lineup decisions, but only for the accomplice lineup, not the object‐wielding perpetrator's lineup. We discuss the implications of these results for illuminating the mechanisms that elicit the WFE.     

Creative surrender: A Milnerian view of works by Y. Z. Kami

Born in 1900, Marion Milner started psychoanalytic training in 1940, following a trajectory which took her into territory later developed by Winnicott. She was an independent thinker who drew on a variety of sources to explore her own and her patients' creativity. She linked the creative process to psychic health and to the ability to achieve a level of perception that leads not to the re‐creation of lost objects but to the creation of what did not exist before. By linking Milner's theory of perception to works by Y.Z. Kami, I draw parallels between a psychoanalyst's perception of the creative process and that process as described and executed by an artist. Milner's lens and Kami's brush both articulate thoughts and feelings about what it means to be human, the condition of mortality and, after Freud, the illusions that sustain mankind through the creation of the gods. This study looks at how the work of an artist and a psychoanalytic thinker can be mutually reinforcing and inter‐animating, thereby broadening and deepening the insights gained from both.     

“具身”涵义的理论辨析

“具身”是当代心理学和认知科学领域的热门话题, 其基本涵义是指认知对身体的依赖性。经典认知科学主张“非具身”, 认为认知是一种信息的表征与加工, 从本质上讲与承载它的身体无关。“弱具身”强调了认知对身体的依赖性, 但是却保留了认知的计算和表征功能。“强具身”则极力主张认知是被身体作用于世界的活动塑造出来的, 身体的特殊细节造就了认知的特殊性。在怎样理解“具身”方面, 存在着不同的解释。从本文作者的观点来看, 具身的性质和特征表现在4个方面：(1)身体参与了认知, 影响了思维、判断、态度和情绪等心智过程。(2)我们对于客观世界的知觉依赖于身体作用于世界的活动, 身体的活动影响着关于客观世界表象的形成。(3)意义源于身体, 抽象的意义有着身体感觉—运动系统的基础。(4)身体的不同倾向于造就不同的思维和认识方式。有关具身的研究将从理论和实践两个层面对心理学产生冲击。