对高血压诊治的现象与本质的关系反思——聚焦血压变化与心脑肾血液灌注量的关系

高血压和低血压都存在急性状态和慢性状态,在急性状态,高血压表现为血流高灌注,低血压表现为血流低灌注;而在慢性状态,高血压和低血压则表现出共同的特点——血流低灌注。血压数值只是个表面现象,重要的是透过血压数值的变化去探究血压变化背后的病理生理改变,尤其是血压变化与重要脏器血液灌注量多少的关系,治疗的最终目的是维持人体脏腑器官一定的血流量,而不是仅仅满足于发现并治疗患者所表现出来的血压数值。     

Development of the Sports Performance Inventory: A Psychological Measure of Athletic Potential

The current study extends existing sport psychology research by developing a more comprehensive athlete attitudinal survey—the Sports Performance Inventory (SPI). A multiple item survey consisting of sport-related attitudinal items was distributed to 274 students enrolled in a large Division I Midwestern university. A principal components analysis with varimax rotation performed on the original survey items resulted in an 83 item survey with six interpretable factors: Competitiveness, Team Orientation, Mental Toughness, Emotional Control, Positive Attitude, and Safety Consciousness. All subscales demonstrated adequate item discriminability and internal consistency. Important statistically significant differences between college/novice and male/female athletes were found: (1) College athletes were found to have a higher SPI composite than novice athletes; (2) College athletes were found to have a more positive attitude than novice athletes; (3) College athletes were more competitive than novice athletes; (4) Females were more team oriented than males; and (5) Novice males were more competitive than novice females, while college females were more competitive than college males. Implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.     

后世之文,其体皆备--简论《庄子》文体形态及影响

《庄子》既是著名的哲学之著,也是杰出的文学之作,无论在哲学领域还是文学领域无疑都是奇特而耀眼的巨星之一.关于《庄子》的文体形态,世人多视之为散文,也有前人认为庄文“狂谬而无体”,细细揣摩后者让人想起苏轼的那句“横看成岭侧成峰”的诗句,所谓“无体”反倒可以说它浑涵众体,即“后世之文,其体皆备”.本文就是主要阐述《庄子》的这种特殊文体形态,既是奇异的散文,绝妙的诗,又是奇趣的小说等纯文学的先导.     

Anger and denial as predictors of cardiovascular reactivity in women

The relationship between behavioral and physiological reactivity and cardiovascular disease has been extensively researched in men, indicating that the expression of anger may be a contributory factor in the development of coronary heart disease. Few studies, however, have focused on women. Among these, women generally have been found to be less reactive to laboratory tasks than men. In the present study, 45 women aged 19–21 years were selected to represent three groups—(1) low anger/low denial, (2) high anger/low denial, and (3) low anger/high denial—based on their scores on the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Subjects received three conditions: (1) no feedback, (2) error feedback without observer present, and (3) error feedback with observer present. As hypothesized, women who reported a high level of denial and low anger exhibited elevated stress-related reactivity. The results are suggestive of a subgroup of highly reactive women not previously identified within the literature. The hypothesis that all groups would display greater reactivity in a condition providing error feedback with observation was not supported.This study was supported by a research grant to Carol S. Emerson from the Women's Research Institute of Virginia.     

Organized youth sports and the psychological development of nine-year-old males

Two hundred thirty-two 9-year-old males were administered the Harter Self-Perception Profile before and after a season of participation in organized youth sports to assess changes in their self-perceptions of competence and self-worth. The children were participating in either soccer or baseball, and the levels of competition were either tryout or recreation. Harter's cognitive-developmental formulations suggested that soccer players and/or the recreation league players in both sports would show greater increases in self-perceptions than those involved in baseball and/or the tryout leagues. Additionally, parents and coaches rated the players on several dimensions hypothesized to be influenced by participation in youth sports. Across all groups, children's perceptions of their athletic and scholastic competence, physical appearance, and global self-worth increased from pre- to post-season. Although there were no differential changes by group, the results suggest that these activities at best promoted children's psychological development, and at worst, did not decrease their self-perceptions.     

小剂量酒精伤害驾驶行为的时序效应

酒后开车普遍存在并致交通肇事居高不下的现实,对法定酒精限量的科学性提出质疑.本实验在多数国家交通法规采用的体内血液酒精水平BAL＜0.5‰的标准以下,设计三项任务对12名被试在酒前酒后四段时间内的行为实施测试,结果表明个体无法准确估计安全的酒精摄入量;小剂量酒精仍具有伤害行为的效应;酒精影响依行为复杂程度呈现时序效应.     

Balance of blood pressure equivalents as a new quantitative scale for identifying cardiac versus vascular reactor: Comparisons with Gregg, Matyas and James' (2002) hemodynamic profile scale

Abstract:  A quantitative scale for identifying cardiac versus vascular reactor, balance of blood pressure equivalents ( BE ), was newly advocated and compared with a very recently advocated one, hemodynamic profile ( HP ), by Gregg, Matyas and James (2002). BE was defined as " (Δ Q/Q ₀) P ₀'  − ( Δ R/R ₀ )P ₀." Here, P ₀ , Q ₀, and R ₀ were mean blood pressure ( P ), cardiac output ( Q ), and total peripheral resistance ( R ) during baseline, and Δ Q and Δ R were the difference scores of Q and R from baseline to stress, respectively. This was named as BE because the two terms in the formula indicated changes in Q and R in their blood pressure equivalents. Comparisons of the BE and HP scales were carried out, theoretically, in a newly introduced pressor space, on orthogonality with the extent of elevation of P (Δ P ); and then, practically, by using hypothetical data. In summary, it was shown that data points in the neighborhood in the pressor space can be judged as having not so different hemodynamic balance whether the BE or HP scale was used. As a merit, the BE scale seemed helpful to an intuitive understanding of the hemodynamics during stress. As a demerit, it cannot maintain the quasi-orthogonal relationship with Δ P when Q or R changes profoundly in the face of stress.     

Selling Yourself: Titmuss's Argument Against a Market in Blood

This article defends Richard Titmuss's argument, and PeterSinger's sympathetic support for it, against orthodoxphilosophical criticism. The article specifies thesense in which a market in blood is ``dehumanising' ashaving to do with a loss of ``imagined community' orsocial ``integration', and not with a loss of valued or``deeper' liberty. It separates two ``domino arguments'– the ``contamination of meaning' argument and the``erosion of motivation' argument which support, indifferent but interrelated ways, the claim that amarket in blood is ``imperialistic.' Concentrating onthe first domino argument the article considers theview that monetary and non-monetary meanings of thesame good can co-exist given the robustness of certainkinds of relationship and joint undertakings withinwhich gifts can figure. It argues that societalrelationships are vulnerable or permeable to theeffects of the market in a way that those constitutiveof the personal sphere are not.General, more broadly political questions remainunanswered but the core of Titmuss's original andchallenging argument remains and can be presented ina defensible form.     

Behavioral Consequences of Fluctuating Group Success: An Internet Study of Soccer-Team Fans

Abstract

The authors tested the hypothesis that fans of a sports team avoid private contact with their team when it is unsuccessful (cutting off reflected failure, or CORF), whereas fans actively seek private contact with their team when it is successful (basking in reflected glory, or BIRG). During the 2nd half of the 1999–2000 soccer season, the authors registered the number of visitors who had surfed the Web sites of 16 Belgian and 18 Dutch 1st-division teams on the 1st working day following a championship game. The authors obtained 586 valid measurements, which were transformed into z scores for each team separately. In line with the hypothesis, there were significantly more visitors after the teams won (BIRG) than after they lost (CORF). The effects of game outcome were not mediated by pregame expectations or by the size of the wins or losses.     

红细胞体积分布宽度与冠心病关系的研究近况

红细胞体积分布宽度是血常规检测报告的一部分,临床多用于各种贫血的诊断与鉴别诊断。近年国内外研究显示,其测量值的增高与冠心病的死亡等不良事件发生风险增加密切相关。本文对其生物学特性与检测原理、与冠心病关系、测量值的增高预测冠心病不良预后的可能机制的研究进行综述。