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201.
《Brain and cognition》2014,84(3):330-336
Successful interaction with the environment depends on flexible behaviors which require shifting attention, inhibiting primed responses, ignoring distracting information, and withholding motor responses. These abilities, termed executive function (EF), are believed to be mediated by inhibitory processes in the frontal lobes. Superior performance on EF tests (i.e., faster reaction times (RT), and fewer errors) has been shown in bilinguals compared to monolingual speakers. However, findings are inconsistent, and no study has directly linked this bilingual advantage to frontal lobe inhibitory processes. To clarify this uncertainty, we concomitantly tested neural inhibitory processes and behavioral responses on an EF test in bilinguals and monolinguals. Specifically, we compared English monolinguals (N = 15) to Spanish/English bilinguals (N = 13) on event-related brain potentials (ERP) during a non-linguistic, auditory Go/NoGo task, a task linked to non-motor, cognitive inhibition in monolinguals. Participants responded with a button press on trials in which target tone-pairs (Go trials) were presented and withheld their responses on non-target trials (NoGo trials). Results revealed significantly greater inhibition (i.e., greater mean N2 amplitude) in bilinguals compared to monolinguals during NoGo trials even though both groups performed the task equally well (i.e., withheld a motor response). On Go trials where participants pressed a response button, neither ERPs nor RT distinguished the groups. Additionally, scores on a second language proficiency test (i.e., English in our bilingual group) were positively correlated with N2 amplitude. These findings are the first to directly link this bilingual advantage to a neural correlate of inhibition and to reveal that inhibition in bilinguals is moderated by second language proficiency. Results are discussed in the context of plasticity, and we propose that evaluating bilinguals at varying levels of second-language proficiency may serve as a model of human neuroplasticity. 相似文献
202.
探讨正常高值血压昼夜节律与靶器官损害的相关性。入选正常高值血压者150例,其中杓型组72例,非杓型组78例,60例正常血压者为对照组。检测尿白蛋白排泄率(UAE)、颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)和左心室重量指数(LVMI)。杓型组和非杓型组UAE、IMT、LVMI高于对照组(P<0.01)。非杓型组UAE、IMT、LVMI高于杓型组(P<0.05)。正常高值血压人群已出现靶器官损害,血压昼夜节律异常与早期靶器官损害密切相关。 相似文献
203.
根据血压昼夜节律,观察给药时间对血压晨峰的影响。256例原发性高血压患者,经24h动态血压监测分为超杓型(n=49)、杓型(n=127)和非杓型(n=80)3组;各组再分为清晨服药组和晚上服药组。用药6周,比较用药前后血压昼夜节律及血压晨峰的变化,发现在改变血压昼夜节律及降低血压晨峰方面,超杓型组清晨服药优于晚上服药,非杓型组晚上服药优于清晨服药;杓型组清晨服药与晚上服药均能降低晨峰值,提示根据个体血压昼夜节律选择服药时间能更好地控制血压晨峰。 相似文献
204.
International Test Commission 《International Journal of Testing》2014,14(3):195-217
The Quality Control (QC) Guidelines are intended to increase the efficiency, precision, and accuracy of the scoring, analysis, and reporting process of testing. The QC Guidelines focus on large-scale testing operations where multiple forms of tests are created for use on set dates. However, they may also be used for a wide variety of other testing situations and assessment techniques and for almost any situation in which assessment occurs. The QC Guidelines are applicable in any form of test administration, including paper and pencil tests and the ever-increasing computerized assessments via the Internet or offline. 相似文献
205.
Emanuele Fino Sergio Melogno Paolo Iliceto Sara D’Aliesio Maria Antonietta Pinto Gabriella Candilera Ugo Sabatello 《Advances in cognitive psychology / University of Finance and Management in Warsaw》2014,10(2):32-38
Background. Adolescence represents a critical period for brain
development, addressed by neurodevelopmental models to frontal,
subcortical-limbic, and striatal activation, a pattern associated with rise of
impulsivity and deficits in inhibitory control. The present study aimed at
studying the association between self-report measures of impulsivity and
inhibitory control with executive function in adolescents, employing structural
equation modeling. Method. Tests were administered to 434 high
school students. Acting without thinking was measured through the Barratt
Impulsiveness Scale and the Dickman Impulsivity Inventory, reward sensitivity
through the Behavioral Activation System, and sensation seeking through the
Zuckerman–Kuhlman–Aluja Personali- ty Questionnaire. Inhibitory control was
assessed through the Behavioral Inhibition System. The performance at the
Wisconsin Card Sorting Task indicated executive function. Three models were
specified using Sample Covariance Matrix, and the estimated parameters using
Maximum Likelihood. Results. In the final model, impulsivity and
inhibitory control predicted executive function, but sensation seeking did not.
The fit of the model to data was excellent. Conclusions. The
hypothesis that inhibitory control and impulsivity are predictors of executive
function was supported. Our results appear informative of the validity of
self-report measures to examine the relation between impulsivity traits rather
than others to regulatory function of cognition and behavior. 相似文献
206.
Birte Moeller Christian Frings 《Advances in cognitive psychology / University of Finance and Management in Warsaw》2014,10(2):68-80
Strong associations between target stimuli and responses usually facilitate fast
and effortless reactions. The present study investigated whether long-term
associations between distractor stimuli and responses modulate behavior. In
particular, distractor stimuli can affect behavior due to distractor-based
stimulus-response retrieval, a phenomenon called distractor-response
binding: An ignored stimulus becomes temporarily associated with a
response and retrieves it at stimulus repetition. In a flanker task,
participants ignored left and right pointing arrows and responded to a target
letter either with left and right (strongly associated) responses or with upper
and lower (weakly associated) responses. Binding effects were modulated in
dependence of the long-term association strength between distractors and
responses. If the association was strong (arrows pointing left and right with
left and right responses), binding effects emerged but only in case of
compatible responses. If the long-term association between distractors and
responses was weak (arrows pointing left and right with upper and lower
responses), binding was weaker and not modulated by compatibility. In contrast,
sequential compatibility effects were not modulated by association strength
between distractor and response. The results indicate that existing long-term
associations between stimuli responses may modulate the impact of an ignored
stimulus on action control. 相似文献
207.
208.
209.
Exchange‐based communication training may not consistently facilitate communication in the absence of the requested item
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The role of stimulus presence on spontaneous communication was assessed with 3 participants in a nonconcurrent multiple baseline with embedded reversals design. Participants were taught to request 2 highly preferred items. Once mastery criterion was met, test sessions were conducted with stimuli either visible or absent from the room, and request rate was measured. For 2 participants, training produced requests in both the presence and absence of the stimulus. For one participant, however, the presence of the stimulus was necessary to evoke the response. Results suggest that teaching individuals to request items when they are present may not consistently lead to requests when those items are absent. 相似文献
210.
Achim Elfering Evelyne Häfliger Zehra Celik Simone Grebner 《Psychology, health & medicine》2018,23(6):733-740
In industrial countries home care services for elderly people living in the community are growing rapidly. Home care nursing is intensive and the nurses often suffer from musculoskeletal pain. Time pressure and job control are job-related factors linked to the risk of experiencing lower back pain (LBP) and LBP-related work impairment. This survey investigated whether work-family conflict (WFC), emotional dissonance and being appreciated at work have incremental predictive value. Responses were obtained from 125 home care nurses (63% response rate). Multiple linear regression showed that emotional dissonance and being appreciated at work predicted LBP intensity and LBP-related disability independently of time pressure and job control. WFC was not a predictor of LBP-related disability in multiple regression analyses despite a zero-order correlation with it. Redesigning the working pattern of home care nurses to reduce the emotional demands and improve appreciation of their work might reduce the incidence of LBP in this group. 相似文献