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61.
62.
本研究通过两个实验来比较源记忆和靶记忆的难度。实验一比较两种记忆提取阶段的事件相关电位（ERPs）。实验二设置较高的成功标准,比较两者达标所需的时间,以此比较它们的难度。在实验一中,被试先进行项目记忆任务,接着进行源记忆任务（从两位虚拟人处接收项目,并记住项目的来源）和靶记忆任务（向两位虚拟人递送项目,并记住项目的去向）。源记忆和靶记忆的测试阶段要求被试再认项目的源或靶,并记录提取阶段的脑电。结果显示,虽然源记忆与靶记忆的正确率没有显著差异,但是在正确提取的ERP中观察到,两者与回想有关的LPC之间有边缘显著差异（靶记忆比源记忆更趋正向,且在顶区差异最明显）,这说明在回想上,靶记忆可能比源记忆需要更深的加工。实验二将源记忆和靶记忆结合在同一个任务中,要求被试反复尝试,直至两种记忆的正确率都达到较高的成功标准（近90%）。结果进一步证实,源记忆的加工水平深于源记忆。 相似文献
63.
本研究旨在通过联结学习任务和线索转换任务探讨自我关联刺激在任务转换和目标变化下的加工优势。结果发现：（1）相比于朋友和陌生人,自我更容易学习联结;（2）在线索转换任务中,所有关联刺激均未出现任务转换成本;（3）在目标变化条件下,自我关联刺激的目标结转效率最佳。结果表明自我关联刺激能够调节任务转换成本,并且在目标变化条件下能快速聚焦注意,表现出基于感知的特异性加工优势。 相似文献
64.
Discounts offered selectively to consumers are commonplace in the market and reflect the assumption that individuals will respond positively to targeted discounts. We consider whether exclusive deals evoke more positive responses than inclusive offers, an outcome referred to as a deal exclusivity effect. Contrary to the intuition that targeted promotions will always be evaluated more favorably than inclusive offers, we show that deal exclusivity effects (1) can be attenuated based upon factors influencing the extent to which recipients identify with other deal recipients and (2) are mediated by the offer's ability to enable the recipient to engage in self-enhancement. 相似文献
65.
Maria Inês N. E. Carneiro Arthur Brakel 《The International journal of psycho-analysis》2010,91(4):773-784
The authors present a detailed account of the experiences shared in translating and having one’s work translated. Carneiro maintains that, in order to communicate with their readers, writers should relinquish the narcissistic satisfaction they derive from their texts in the original. Beyond this, she feels that, owing to a good understanding between her and her translator, the creativity in her original text persists in the translation. Brakel introduces himself to the IJPA readership and shows how he works when translating the cultural and linguistic nuances and peculiarities of Brazilian Portuguese. He concludes with some thoughts about the affect he experiences from his original work and the work he has translated. 相似文献
66.
Despite the increased use of sensor technologies, including unmanned vehicles, the vast majority of improvised explosive device (IED) detections are made by human vision. Thus, TRAC-Monterey developed a simulation-based training prototype called the perceptual learning trainer (PLT). Fourteen novice and 5 expert IED detectors participated in human-in-the-loop experiments in which all participants were trained using the PLT tool while their eye-movement and IED detection performance were tracked in real-time. A series of 100 IED images with various degrees of difficulty was used for the training session. Pre- and posttraining assessments were conducted. Both speed and accuracy improved after just 1 session of the PLT training: RT decreased by 3.7 s for novices (p < .001) and 3.4 s for experts (p = .031), and detection probability increased by 5.9% for novices (p = .001). The PLT tool improved IED detection performance more in novice IED detectors than in experts. Novices and experts showed different visual scan patterns. 相似文献
67.
Robert J. Blanchard Frauke Ohl Marja van Kampen D. Caroline Blanchard Eberhard Fuchs 《Aggressive behavior》2001,27(2):139-148
Principles of conspecific defense have been analyzed for rodents, in which specific target sites for biting by attackers on defenders serve as an important determinant of the actions involved in both attacker and defender behavior. In an effort to determine the generality of these principles, attack and defensive behaviors and target sites for biting attack were evaluated in a nonrodent species, the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri). Brief daily and repeated conspecific dyadic encounters between adult, socially experienced males (dominants, attackers), and adult, socially naive males (subordinates, defenders) that had been transferred into the territory of the dominants, produced a polarization of attack and defense. The dominant males showed chase, chase attack, jump attack, and biting behaviors, while the subordinates displayed flight and freezing. The vast majority of bites, as well as wounds and bruises, were on the subordinates’ backs. These patterns are very similar to those previously found in rats and mice and suggest that the organization of fighting, with targets of biting (or other painful) attack serving as an important determinant of both attacker (dominant) and defender (subordinate) behavior, may show considerable generality across nonrodent as well as rodent species. Although relatively few wounds were found after 28 days of repeated and daily encounters, the subordinate tree shrews show a variety of behavioral, neuroendocrine, and central nervous changes, indicating that they are stressed by these encounters per se. Aggr. Behav. 27:139–148, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
68.
Intruder and resident male colony mice exhibit an array of distinct defensive and offensive behaviors. Intruders typically show more boxing, flight, defensive sideways position, on the back position and general locomotion, while residents exhibit higher levels of attack, olfactory investigation, aggressive grooming, and biting, with a preference for dorsal bite locations. Here, analysis of bite locations on the body of the intruder mice showed that the majority of bites produced few lesions (i.e. actual puncturing of the skin) when compared to scrapes or no markings. Most bites were directed to the back of the opponent animal with very few bites directed towards the opponents' vulnerable ventrum. In particular, bites directed at the relatively hairless ventrum produced no lesions. These findings, along with previous work on mice and rats, suggest that intraspecific offense with preferred target sites for biting, facilitates an effective but largely nonwounding interaction between resident and intruder mice. Furthermore, bruise and wound analyses suggest an association between bite targets and tissue damage. The preference for specific bite locations may be complimented by a differential intensity of attack, with the back attracting the strongest bites and the ventrum the weakest. This apparent nonwounding fighting pattern contradicts the current evaluation of rodent wounding severity in this paradigm and can therefore refine the usage of this model and of the protocols associated with it. 相似文献
69.
认知灵活性作为执行功能的三个主要成分之一,对个体能力发展和环境适应起着重要作用。但以往研究多采用不同范式来考察不同年龄段儿童在一个优势规则失效后灵活转换至新规则的能力。本研究旨在威斯康星卡片分类任务(WCST)的基础上设计一种新任务范式,考察年龄范围更大的群体在规则习得过程中根据不同性质的反馈信息保持与灵活修订假设的能力。我们设计了目标选择任务(target choose task,TCT),考察181名5~11岁儿童的认知灵活性。其中24名儿童亦完成WCST。结果表明,TCT通过率界于32~65.7%;TCT高分组成绩显著高于低分组;分半信度计算结果表明奇数编号题目与偶数题目得分正相关;TCT分数与WCST完成分类数和概念化水平数分别呈正相关。这些结果表明TCT难度适中,具有区分度,内部一致性高,效度良好,可以在更大的年龄跨度上研究儿童在规则习得过程中的认知灵活性。 相似文献
70.
从耐药机制看抗菌药物的发展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
何礼贤 《医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)》2008,29(4):15-17
抗菌药物耐药机制包括：（1）靶位修饰;（2）产灭活酶;（3）药物渗透力下降;（4）外排泵表达。本文从增加作用靶位、改善药物与靶位结合力、联合酶抑制药的复方药物、寻找体外泵抑制剂、发现新代合物和新靶位等方面介绍了临床使用的和临床前的新抗菌药物。 相似文献