中国古代堕胎考略

中国见于史书记载的堕胎行为从汉代就开始了,并且形成三种堕胎技术。唐宋以后,由于人口增长的压力,堕胎在一些地区出现了普遍化倾向,导致堕胎的公开化和职业化。但由于传统重生育、反堕胎观念的存在,堕胎技术一直受到歧视,得不到完善,人们为此付出了长期的血的代价。     

不当出生损害赔偿诉析

因不当出生(wrongfulbirth)使父母因缺陷儿童多支付了大量的医疗、人力照顾以及特殊教育的费用,同时受到身心痛苦,如果不给予一定的救济是很不公平的,承认该类诉讼是各国共同趋势。在我国应以契约法来处理这类诉讼。     

Parental Preference for Sex of Newborn as Reflected in Positive Affect in Birth Announcements

Content analysis of birth announcements was used as a method to investigate parental preference for the sex of newborns in Canada. The expression of positive affect (happiness and pride) in birth announcements was examined to determine whether parents express these emotions differently as a function of the sex of newborn. The findings suggest that parents express relatively more pride at the birth of boys than girls, whereas the opposite results were found for happiness. Parents seem unconsciously to categorize boys and girls into two distinct motivational systems: status and attachment, which are related to pride and happiness, respectively. This distinction may influence parents perception of their childs worth and their subsequent investment in their childs development.     

生育伦理与人口控制社会化

在影响人口发展的诸因素中,生育伦理是影响相对持久、相对直接的一个重要因素。在现代人口发展理论的框架下,人口控制社会化,是人口控制的必然选择,这种控制方式的实施,就必须把正确的社会生育伦理转变为人们的生育观和生育意愿。使人口控制的手段由他律为主转变为自律为主。     

Increasing Retention Without Increasing Study Time

ABSTRACT— Because people forget much of what they learn, students could benefit from learning strategies that yield long-lasting knowledge. Yet surprisingly little is known about how long-term retention is most efficiently achieved. Here we examine how retention is affected by two variables: the duration of a study session and the temporal distribution of study time across multiple sessions. Our results suggest that a single session devoted to the study of some material should continue long enough to ensure that mastery is achieved but that immediate further study of the same material is an inefficient use of time. Our data also show that the benefit of distributing a fixed amount of study time across two study sessions—the spacing effect —depends jointly on the interval between study sessions and the interval between study and test. We discuss the practical implications of both findings, especially in regard to mathematics learning.     

环境因素与出生缺陷

出生缺陷是严重影响出生人口素质的重要因素之一。引起出生缺陷的因素分为遗传因素和环境因素,单纯由遗传因素或环境因素引起的出生缺陷不到其总数的1/3,另外2/3以上的出生缺陷是由遗传因素和环境因素共同作用所导致的。因此,只有不断深入研究和认识导致出生缺陷发生的原因,辩证地分析不同环境因素在出生缺陷中的作用,才能采取相应的预防和治疗措施,这对于提高出生人口素质具有十分重要的现实意义。