论医学模式转变对助产土在产程守护中角色转变的影响

伴随着医学模式的转变,助产士在产程守护中的角色由单一守护者的角色向全面、多重角色转变,助产士的工作内容与职责也相应发生变化。现代医学模式下助产士的角色转变对医疗效果有良好的改进,体现了“以人为本”的医疗文化理念,同时也对助产士的要求更为全面。     

Pastoral Ministry and the Fleshly Body

This paper will explore the fleshly body of the pastor/priest/liturgist/caregiver and its engagement with the fleshly bodies of the ones given to their care. Its purpose is to address the physicality of being involved in pastoral ministry.     

关于低出生体重儿诊疗最优化原则的思考

出生体重及低出生体重发生率是衡量社会发展和妇幼保健状况的重要指标。低出生体重不仅直接增加新生儿和婴儿的患病率和死亡率,而且与儿童的远期预后如生长发育落后、智力低下、脑瘫及成年期胰岛素抵抗密切相关。通过运用诊疗最优化的原则,对低出生体重儿进行预防,及早干预治疗,可提高其生命质量。     

Predictors of early vocabulary growth in children born preterm and full term: A study of processing speed and medical complications

Delays in expressive vocabulary may be harbingers of long-term language difficulties. In toddlers born full term (FT), individual differences in language processing speed are associated with variation in expressive vocabulary growth. Children born preterm (PT) are at increased risk for persistent language deficits. Here, we evaluate predictors of early vocabulary growth in PT toddlers in relation to two sources of variability: language processing speed and medical complications of prematurity. Vocabulary growth from 16 to 30 months (adjusted for degree of prematurity) was modeled longitudinally using parent reports in English-speaking FT (n = 63; ≥37 weeks, ≥2495 g) and PT (n = 69; ≤32 weeks, <1800 g) children, matched on sex and socioeconomic status. Children were tested in the “looking-while-listening task” at 18 months to derive a measure of language processing speed. Each PT child was assessed for number of medical complications (13 maximum), based on medical chart reviews. PT and FT children displayed similar vocabulary trajectories; however, birth group disparities began to emerge by 30 months. PT children were slower in language processing speed than FT children. Critically, language processing speed predicted expressive vocabulary size at 30 months; interactions with birth group were not significant (all p > .20). In PT children, faster language processing speed predicted stronger outcomes regardless of number of medical complications; slower processing speed and more medical complications predicted poorer outcomes. Faster processing speed reflected favorable neuropsychological processes associated with faster expressive vocabulary growth that overrode the impact of medical complications on language outcomes in PT children.     

Birth-order and sex differences in the frequency of referral of children for psychological treatment: A partial replication and extension

A previous study of two-child families by Lahey, Hammer, Crumrine, and Forehand (1980) found that firstborn children were more likely to be referred for psychological treatment than second-borns and that males were more likely to be referred than females. Furthermore, there was a significant interaction between these two variables. In the present study, a new sample of two-child families from the same clinic was studied, confirming the previous findings of significant birth-order and sex effects but not the interaction. Separate analyses indicated that both birth-order and sex effects were significant for children given externalizing diagnoses, but only the birth-order effect was significant for heterogeneous internalizing diagnoses. Similarly, an analysis of only children revealed a significant sex effect for externalizers but not internalizers. A combined sample of two-child families independent of diagnosis (N=425)suggests that there are reliable associations of birth order and sex, but not the interaction, with referral rates in two-child families. Referred children were significantly more likely to have a female sibling than would be expected by chance, regardless of birth order or sex, suggesting that these children may look more deviant by comparison to female, vs. male, siblings, thus increasing the likelihood of clinic referral. The potential utility of birth order and sex as demographic marker variables for etiological research is discussed.     

中国古代生育心理思想研究

从生育动机、生育目的、生育意愿和新生人口心理素质的遗传等问题探讨了中国古代生育心理思想．揭示出古代社会居于主导地位的生育动机、生育目的和相互对立的生育意愿;分析了它们对今天人口控制的影响;概括并评价了古代关于新生人口的心理素质遗传性的理论。     

Context-Specific Learning, Personality, and Birth Order

Most people believe that learning to get along (or not get along) with their siblings played an important role in shaping their personality, and that their position in the family—oldest, youngest, or in the middle—had lasting effects. Yet studies of birth order generally fail to support these beliefs. The apparent contradiction can be resolved by taking into account the context-specific nature of learned behavior. There is abundant evidence that people do not automatically transfer behavior from one context to another: They wait until they have evidence that what they learned in Context 1 will also be useful in Context 2. Because patterns of behavior acquired in the family of origin tend to be useless or inappropriate in other settings, birth order effects show up only in that context. Outside the family they grew up in, firstborns and later-borns are indistinguishable in personality.