Caring,Social Policy,and Homelessness

Care theory offers a way to overcome a weaknessof liberalism – its reluctance to intervene inthe private lives of adults. In caring for thehomeless, we must sometimes use a limited formof coercion, but our intervention is alwaysinteractive, and the process of finding asolution is one of negotiation between theneeds expressed by the homeless and the needswe infer for them.     

政府与个人的责任——中国当代医疗改革的责任伦理学剖析

卫生改革的重点必须放在政府部门;公共卫生,预防与初级医疗保健是人类生存的需要,带有鲜明的公益性和福利性。应由政府投资为主筹集资源,以国家投资为主体负担费用,这个层次的卫生服务产品,属非商品经济部分,并不以赢利为目的,不能引进市场经济,个人对健康负有重要责任,包括：选择医疗保健,决定花费数额,生活方式和卫生习惯的养成,主动接受健康教育,抵抗压力,支持国家与地区的卫生保健政策;个人对自身健康负责是一种道德责任,健商（health quotient)这一重要概念,具有伦理价值和普遍的医学人类学意义;个人对健康负责是一种社会风尚。     

Future directions in engineering ethics research: microethics, macroethics and the role of professional societies

Three frames of reference for engineering ethics are discussed—individual, professional and social—which can be further broken down into “microethics” concerned with individuals and the internal relations of the engineering profession and “macroethics” referring to the collective social responsibility of the engineering profession and to societal decisions about technology. Few attempts have been made at integrating microethical and macroethical approaches to engineering ethics. The approach suggested here is to focus on the role of professional engineering societies in linking individual and professional ethics and in linking professional and social ethics. A research program is outlined using ethics support as an example of the former, and the issuance of position statements on product liability as an example of the latter. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Symposium on Technology and Society 2000 (ISTAS 2000), Rome, Italy, 7 September 2000. Joseph R. Herkert directs a dual-degree program in engineering and humanities/social sciences and is editor of Social, Ethical, and Policy Implications of Engineering (Wiley/IEEE Press).     

Absolute Versus Tentative Interpretations: Mediating Effects of Client Locus of Control

An analog design was used to investigate the mediating effects of client locus of control (i.e., an internal focus or external focus) on perceptions of counselor style of interpreting events (i.e., absolute or tentative interpretations) on measures of perceived session depth and smoothness, and perceived counselor expertness, attractiveness, and trustworthiness. One hundred and thirty-four undergraduate college students, crossed on level of locus of control, were randomly assigned to one of two treatment conditions, and then completed measures of perceived session depth and smoothness, as well as perceived counselor expertness, attractiveness, and trustworthiness. Results indicated a significant interaction effect on perceived counselor trustworthiness. Implications for college counselors are provided.     

对影响病人满意度相关因素的医学伦理思考

设计调查问卷对深圳某基层医院实施病人满意度调查及相关因素的医学伦理分析。结果显示病人满意度不高,门急诊病人的总满意度明显低于住院病人;病人对服务态度、就医环境和诊疗费用等都较不满意。其中医院未能遵循及时、准确、有效、择优和自主原则是主要影响因素。     

历史的沉思：医学伦理学与生命伦理学学科特点及定位

对医学伦理学与生命伦理学学科的特点及定位进行再认识,是推动两个学科发展的理性前提。再认识需要历史视野,即将其置于该学科发展尤其是生成该学科的实践资源演变的历史长河中加以动态考察。研究表明,医学伦理学具有在传承中追求完善的职业实践性系列特点,定位为医学与伦理学交叉学科不存异议,将其称为人文医学学科具有创新价值,但需充分论证;生命伦理学虽同医学伦理学联系密切且有所重叠,但却具有追踪生命科学发展前沿的专业实践性系列特点,因而可将其定位为生命科学、伦理学、医学伦理学等相互交叉的新学科。     

加强政策协同促进中国创新型药企国际化发展

中国创新型药企快速追赶国际领先企业,处于高投入低产出的成长阶段,国际化之路遭遇各种坎坷。国内创新呈现出快速跟进特点,研发热点过于集中,存在高水平重复现象,加之创新药的医保谈判采用低定价策略,可能使创新型药企难以在合理的时间段内收回研发投入,后续研发难以为继。未来,应当差异化地鼓励原始创新和一般创新,建议改进国家基本医保对创新药的支付机制,减免税收、申请费等以降低研发成本,在实施数据保护和市场独占制度提高获利预期方面形成政策协同,助推中国企业国际化。