Caregiving stress and adjustment problems of Kenyan orphans raised by grandmothers

The present study compared levels of caregiving stress among 115 biological mothers and 134 grandmothers raising their orphaned grandchildren. The associations between parenting stress and adjustment difficulties exhibited by children raised by these two groups of caregivers were also assessed. Full‐time caregiving grandmothers reported elevated levels of stress more than did the biological mothers. A significant negative association was found between child maladjustment and caregiving stress. Caregivers' experienced stress was linked to advanced age and extensive, new adoptive roles now occupied by grandmothers. There was no evidence suggesting that these orphaned children were less well adjusted when compared to children still living with their own birth parents. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

生物-心理-社会医学模式与控烟及吸烟相关性疾病的防控

大量流行病学研究证实，吸烟是导致肺癌的首要危险因素。因此，控烟才是解决问题的根本途径。本文简述了吸烟的主要危害及目前我国吸烟的现状，在此基础上提出需要在生物-心理-社会医学模式的理论框架下全面考虑控烟及吸烟相关疾病的预防和管理。