Joshua Rottman  Charlie R. Crimston  Stylianos Syropoulos 《Cognitive Science》2021,45(4):e12967

  相似文献   

    

Nicolas Fay  Bradley Walker  Yoshihisa Kashima  Andrew Perfors 《Cognitive Science》2021,45(9):e13033

Cultural evolutionary theory has identified a range of cognitive biases that guide human social learning. Naturalistic and experimental studies indicate transmission biases favoring negative and positive information. To address these conflicting findings, the present study takes a socially situated view of information transmission, which predicts that bias expression will depend on the social context. We report a large-scale experiment (N = 425) that manipulated the social context and examined its effect on the transmission of the positive and negative information contained in a narrative text. In each social context, information was progressively lost as it was transmitted from person to person, but negative information survived better than positive information, supporting a negative transmission bias. Importantly, the negative transmission bias was moderated by the social context: Higher social connectivity weakened the bias to transmit negative information, supporting a socially situated account of information transmission. Our findings indicate that our evolved cognitive preferences can be moderated by our social goals.  相似文献   

    

《Journal of applied research in memory and cognition》2021,10(3):356-362

  相似文献   

Debiasing Media Articles–Reducing Hindsight Bias in the Production of Written Work     

《Journal of applied research in memory and cognition》2021,10(3):435-443

  相似文献   

    

Kenshiro Ichimura;Daiki Taoka;Rina Miyahara; 《The Japanese psychological research》2024,66(3):315-329

When people anticipate future regret, they overestimate its strength compared to experienced regret. Two experiments investigated this impact bias of regret by manipulating regret type (anticipated/experienced) in a within-subjects design. Regret was measured using the Japanese words kokaishita (後悔した) and kuyashi (悔しい), which are both translated as “regret” in English but differ in nuance in Japanese. We compared the participants' feelings of kokaishita and kuyashi when they failed at tasks in which their decisions did or did not affect the outcome. In Experiment 1 but not Experiment 2, the participants were offered an additional reward for task success. The results suggested that (a) impact bias occurs robustly when the same person both anticipates and experiences regret; (b) kokaishita is felt in response to decision failures, while kuyashi is felt for any kind of task failure; and (c) the presence of additional rewards influences the intensity of kokaishita but not that of kuyashi or impact bias.  相似文献   

    

Eunju J. Lee; 《The Japanese psychological research》2024,66(3):350-358

The present study investigated whether calibration accuracy in metacognitive judgment on performance and the positively biased self-evaluation of competence are distinct and whether they play independent roles in learning. A sample of 432 sixth-graders reported their pre-test competence for solving math problems and the post-test calibration of performance, and these measures were compared with their actual math-test scores to compute overconfidence and calibration accuracy. Data analyses indicated (a) that a positive correlation existed between accurate calibration and overconfidence; (b) that high-achieving students calibrated performance accurately but overestimated their competence; and (c) that accurate calibration and overconfidence independently predicted positive learning behaviors, highlighting that both self-evaluation indices contribute to self-regulated learning in their own way.  相似文献   

    

《Behavior Therapy》2022,53(2):294-309

Cognitive models implicate interpretation bias in the development and maintenance of obsessive compulsive and related disorders (OCRDs), and research supports Cognitive Bias Modification for Interpretation (CBM-I) in targeting this mechanism. However, prior studies in OCRDs have been limited to nonclinical populations, adolescents, and adults in a laboratory setting. This study evaluated the feasibility and acceptability of CBM-I as an adjunctive intervention during intensive/residential treatment (IRT) for adults with OCRDs. We modified a lab-based CBM-I training for adults seeking IRT for OCRDs, and conducted a feasibility trial (N = 4) and subsequent pilot RCT; participants (N = 31) were randomized to receive CBM-I or psychoeducation. Benchmarks were met for feasibility, acceptability, and target engagement. From pre- to post-intervention, the CBM-I group showed a large effect for change in interpretation bias (d = .90), whereas this effect was trivial (d = .06) for psychoeducation. This was the first study to evaluate CBM-I in naturalistic treatment for adults seeking IRT for OCRDs. Findings support the feasibility and acceptability of CBM-I in this novel sample and setting. A larger scale RCT is needed to determine whether CBM-I can enhance OCRD treatment response.  相似文献   

    

《Behavior Therapy》2022,53(5):843-857

Clinical perfectionism contributes to the onset and maintenance of multiple psychological concerns. We conducted a randomized, longitudinal test of the efficacy of a web-based intervention for perfectionism (specifically, cognitive bias modification, interpretation retraining; CBM-I), compared to an active treatment comparison condition (specifically, guided visualization relaxation training) for reducing perfectionism and related psychopathology. College students (N = 167) with elevated perfectionism were randomized to one of the two study conditions and were asked to complete their assigned intervention twice weekly for 4 weeks. Participants completed measures of perfectionism and psychological symptoms at baseline, 2 weeks (midway through the intervention period), 4 weeks (at the conclusion of the intervention period), and 8 weeks (1 month follow-up). CBM-I was rated as acceptable overall, though relaxation training was rated slightly more favorably. CBM-I outperformed relaxation training on improving perfectionism-relevant interpretation biases (i.e., increasing nonperfectionistic interpretations and decreasing perfectionistic interpretations), though with small effect sizes and inconsistency across study timepoints. Self-reported perfectionism showed small decreases across time in both intervention conditions. Support was found for a key hypothesized mechanism of CBM-I, such that randomization to CBM-I had a longitudinal, indirect effect on decreasing psychopathology symptom scores through improving perfectionism-relevant interpretation biases. However, in light of small effect sizes, the present study failed to provide compelling evidence that CBM-I for perfectionism contributes meaningfully to the treatment of perfectionism.  相似文献   

    

Rickard Carlsson  Samantha Sinclair 《The Journal of social psychology》2018,158(3):285-297

The present study investigated the relative importance of two explanations behind perceptions of gender discrimination in hiring: prototypes and same-gender bias. According to the prototype explanation, people perceive an event as discrimination to the extent that it fits their preconceptions of typical discrimination. In contrast, the same-gender bias explanation asserts that people more readily detect discrimination toward members of their own gender. In four experiments (n = 797), women and men made considerably stronger discrimination attributions, and were moderately more discouraged from seeking work, when the victim was female rather than male. Further, a series of regressions analyses showed beliefs in discrimination of women to be moderately correlated with discrimination attributions of female victims, but little added explanatory value of participant gender, stigma consciousness, or feminist identification. The results offer strong support for the prototype explanation.  相似文献   

    

《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2018,59(4):351-359

Prior research has shown that loneliness is associated with hypervigilance to social threats, with eye‐tracking research showing lonely people display a specific attentional bias when viewing social rejection and social exclusion video footage (Bangee, Harris, Bridges, Rotenberg & Qualter, 2014; Qualter, Rotenberg, Barrett et al ., 2013). The current study uses eye‐tracker methodology to examine whether that attentional bias extends to negative emotional faces and negative social non‐rejecting stimuli, or whether it could be explained only as a specific bias to social rejection/exclusion. It is important to establish whether loneliness relates to a specific or general attention bias because it may explain the maintenance of loneliness. Participants (N = 43, F = 35, M age = 20 years and 2 months, SD = 3 months) took part in three tasks, where they viewed different social information: Task 1 – slides displaying four faces each with different emotions (anger, afraid, happy and neutral), Task 2 – slides displaying sixteen faces with varying ratios expressing happiness and anger, and Task 3 – slides displaying four visual scenes (socially rejecting, physically threatening, socially positive, neutral). For all three tasks, eye movements were recorded in real time with an eye‐tracker. Results showed no association between loneliness and viewing patterns of facial expressions, but an association between loneliness and hypervigilant viewing of social rejecting stimuli. The findings indicate that lonely adults do not have a generalised hypervigilance to social threat, but have, instead, a specific attentional bias to rejection information in social contexts. Implications of the findings for interventions are discussed.  相似文献