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201.
Four hundred and thirty-four children enrolled in school years 5 and 6 in the United Kingdom were administered measures of
trust beliefs in peers/best friends and psychosocial functioning (internalized maladjustment, self-perceived social acceptance,
social preference, and social exclusion) across an 8-month period (mean age = 9 years − 9 months at Time 1). The relation
between children's trust beliefs in peers or trust beliefs within best friend dyads and measures of psychosocial functioning
conformed to a quadratic pattern. Compared to children in the middle range of trust beliefs, children with very low trust
beliefs and those with very high trust beliefs in peers and/or within best friend dyads displayed higher internalized maladjustment,
lower self-perceived social acceptance, higher social exclusion, and lower social preference. The relation between the trust
beliefs and internalized maladjustment was asymmetrical, with children who held very low trust beliefs being comparatively
more disadvantaged. 相似文献
202.
We give an account of Classical Test Theory (CTT) in terms of the more fundamental ideas of Item Response Theory (IRT). This approach views classical test theory as a very general version of IRT, and the commonly used IRT models as detailed elaborations of CTT for special purposes. We then use this approach to CTT to derive some general results regarding the prediction of the true-score of a test from an observed score on that test as well from an observed score on a different test. This leads us to a new view of linking tests that were not developed to be linked to each other. In addition we propose true-score prediction analogues of the Dorans and Holland measures of the population sensitivity of test linking functions. We illustrate the accuracy of the first-order theory using simulated data from the Rasch model, and illustrate the effect of population differences using a set of real data.This research is collaborative in every respect and the order of authorship is alphabetical. It was begun when both authors were on the faculty of the Graduate School of Education at the University of California, Berkeley.We would like to thank both Neil Dorans, Skip Livingston and two anonymous referees for many suggestions that have greatly improved this paper. 相似文献
203.
Ralf Schwarzer André Hahn Harry Schröder 《American journal of community psychology》1994,22(5):685-706
The breakdown of the former communist system in East Germany was a major critical life event for those who left that country
as well as for those who stayed behind. When the borders were opened, a longitudinal study was launched to examine the psychological
readaptation process. Some indicators of social changes of migrants compared to nonmigrants were available. At three points
in time over 2 years, both groups reported on their social bonding and social support. Migrants readjusted well by making
new friends. In particular, young men were socially active, and more same-sex than opposite-sex friendships were established.
The group of young migrants reported having received the most support, in particular when they had a partner. Anticipated
support, in contrast, was highest for young single women who did not migrate. Results contribute to the understanding of social
dynamics that occur after a stressful relocation. 相似文献
204.
Elinor Mason 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》1999,2(3):243-261
In this paper I defend consequentialism against the objection that consequentialists are alienated from their personal relationships through having inappropriate motivational states. This objection is one interpretation of Williams' claim that consequentialists will have "one thought too many". Consequentialists should cultivate dispositions to act from their concern for others. I argue that having such a disposition is consistent with a belief in consequentialism and constitutes an appropriate attitude to personal relationships. If the consequentialist has stable beliefs that friendship is justifiable in consequentialist terms, that friendship requires acting from concern for others, and furthermore if the consequentialist finds that she is concerned for others, then she will be able to form a disposition which involves acting from her concern for others without having one thought too many. 相似文献
205.
206.
OLOF DAHLBÄCK 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》1992,33(4):326-329
Subjects were to reveal their best as well as their second best choices in so-called choice-dilemma problems. It was found that the second best choices consistently tended to be more risk-filled than the best choices. Implications of this finding are discussed. 相似文献
207.
208.
A tacit assumption in the field of consciousness studies is that the more empirical evidence a theory can explain, the better it fares when weighed against competitors. If one wants to take seriously the potential for empirical evidence to move forward debates in consciousness studies, there is a need to gather, organize, validate, and compare evidence. We present an inference to the best explanation (IBE) process on the basis of empirical support that is applicable in debates between competing theories of consciousness. Our proposed IBE process consists in four steps: Assimilate, Compile, Validate, and Compare. Until now, the vast majority of the work in the field has consisted in gathering empirical evidence for theories i.e., the assimilation step. To illustrate the feasibility of our proposed IBE process, and what it may look like when applied in practice, we deliver a complete collection (the compilation step) of empirical support for the distinction between A-Consciousness and P-Consciousness and the overflow hypothesis. Finally, we offer an example of the validation step, by scrutinizing the interpretation of aphantasics’ performance on retro-cue paradigms offered in the literature in support of the overflow hypothesis. The compilation we deliver here is the first effort in the IBE process, the end result of which — hopefully — will be the ability of the research community to carry out side-by-side comparisons of theories and the empirical phenomena they claim to explain, i.e., the comparison step. 相似文献
209.
210.
In the present study, we investigated the relationship between friendship quality (dimensions) and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) as well as the moderating role of gender and age in this relationship. The sample consisted of 463 children and adolescents (50.10% female, age range: 9–17 years). Friendship quality and NSSI were measured using the Friendship Qualities Scale (FQS; Bukowski, Hoza, & Boivin, 1994) and the Self Harm Inventory (SHI; Sansone, Wiederman, & Sansone, 1998), respectively. Overall, total friendship quality and NSSI were significantly and negatively related. Additionally, the relationship between total friendship quality and NSSI was moderated by gender and age. Specifically, girls with low friendship quality reported more NSSI; whereas for boys an opposite effect was found. As for age, friendship quality and NSSI were positively related in older participants. In younger participants, a relationship between friendship quality and NSSI seemed rather absent. This study highlights the important association between friendship quality and NSSI, as well as gender- and age-related differences in this association, which should be taken into account in the prevention and treatment of NSSI. 相似文献