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181.
Christopher Bennett 《Res Publica》2006,12(2):191-201
In my response to Golash I distinguish between two steps in my original argument. The first relates to the special value of
conjugal (two-person) love relationships. I defend this step against criticisms, arguing that the two-person relationship
provides a form of recognition that is of special importance to us and cannot be found in other sorts of relationship. The
two-person relationship is one that, at least as private individuals, we have special reason to pursue. The second step concerns
the claim that the special value of such relationships tends to promote the autonomy of those who have them. It is this second
step that is important for the argument that a liberal state – one, at any rate, that takes itself to be in the business of
safeguarding the pre-conditions of autonomy – could have reason to favour marriage or some form of civic partnership over
other forms of intimate adult tie. However, I admit that Golash puts forward plausible – if anecdotal – arguments against
this second step. I therefore agree that I need to be more tentative about this step than I was in the original paper. 相似文献
182.
Multilevel models are proven tools in social research for modeling complex, hierarchical systems. In multilevel modeling,
statistical inference is based largely on quantification of random variables. This paper distinguishes among three types of
random variables in multilevel modeling—model disturbances, random coefficients, and future response outcomes—and provides
a unified procedure for predicting them. These predictors are best linear unbiased and are commonly known via the acronym
BLUP; they are optimal in the sense of minimizing mean square error and are Bayesian under a diffuse prior.
For parameter estimation purposes, a multilevel model can be written as a linear mixed-effects model. In this way, parameters
of the many equations can be estimated simultaneously and hence efficiently. For prediction purposes, we show that it is more
convenient to retain the multiple equation feature of multilevel models. In this way, the efficient BLUPs are easy to compute
and retain their intuitively appealing recursive form. We also derive explicit equations for standard errors of these different
types of predictors.
Prediction in multilevel modeling is important in a wide range of applications. To demonstrate the applicability of our results,
this paper discusses prediction in the context of a study of school effectiveness.
This research was supported by a grant from the Graduate School at the University of Wisconsin at Madision and the National
Science Foundation, Grant number SES-0436274. We are grateful to Norman Webb at Wisconsin Center for Education Research for
making available the data used in the reported application. 相似文献
183.
184.
Friendship Quality and Social Development 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Thomas J. Berndt 《Current directions in psychological science》2002,11(1):7-10
A high-quality friendship is characterized by high levels of prosocial behavior, intimacy, and other positive features, and low levels of conflicts, rivalry, and other negative features. Friendship quality has been assumed to have direct effects on many aspects of children's social development, including their self-esteem and social adjustment. Recent research suggests, however, that friendship quality affects primarily children's success in the social world of peers. Friendship quality could also have indirect effects, by magnifying or diminishing the influence of friends on each other's attitudes and behaviors. Having high-quality friendships may lessen children's tendencies to imitate the behavior of shy and withdrawn friends, but little evidence supports the hypothesis that high-quality friendships magnify friends' influence. 相似文献
185.
Transition from School to Adult Life: Empowering Youth Through Community Ownership and Accountability 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Constance M. Lehman Hewitt B. Clark Michael Bullis Judith Rinkin Louis A. Castellanos 《Journal of child and family studies》2002,11(1):127-141
The evolution of transition services for youth with disabilities illustrates the transformation that has occurred from a systems-driven to a youth-centered support approach. This article documents how this shift has occurred. We review research that has influenced the direction of national policies and practices. A chronology of the policies that best represent the seminal foundation for current transition best practices for youth with emotional disturbance (ED) is presented. The field of special education led the way toward articulating the new vision for providing transition support by defining services as the coordination of multiple systems to address life domains (e.g., post-secondary education, employment, independent living, and community adjustment). Promising practices, within the context of the conversion to an ecological model of support that contributes to youth self-determination, include utilization of a youth-centered, strengths-based approach to transition planning, beginning in the middle school years. There remain significant barriers to adoption of the practices that may best support the successful transition of youth. These include lack of coordinated efforts across systems, socioeconomic, and community factors. Committed actions by government, the business sector, and private citizens are essential to address these challenges. 相似文献
186.
Tyler Hildebrand 《Ratio》2019,32(3):163-172
According to best systems accounts, laws of nature are generalizations in the best systematization of particular matters of fact. Metrics such as simplicity and strength determine which systematization is best, but these are notoriously language relative. For this reason, David Lewis proposed a constraint on languages of inquiry: all predicates must be natural. This constraint is sometimes interpreted as requiring us to know which natural properties are instantiated in our world prior to scientific theorizing. I argue that this interpretation is incorrect. I provide a better interpretation and show how it undercuts an influential epistemological objection to Lewis's best systems account of laws due to Bas van Fraassen. 相似文献
187.
为探讨青少年公正世界信念的发展轨迹及其影响因素,采用公正世界信念量表(BJW)、友谊质量量表(FQ)和网络社会支持量表(OSS)对来自河南省某3所高中的518名高一学生进行两年追踪调查。结果发现:(1)青少年一般公正世界信念高于个人公正世界信念;(2)青少年一般公正世界信念呈逐步下滑趋势,而个人公正世界信念的发展趋势则相对平稳;(3)友谊质量和网络社会支持均能分别解释个人公正世界信念和一般公正世界信念发展过程中的个体差异。研究结果揭示了青少年公正世界信念发展的轨迹,为引导青少年树立正确的世界观和人生观,培养积极的社会心态提供了有益建议。 相似文献
188.
According to past research, young adults prefer positive feedback from their friends, but emotional reactions to negative feedback are less severe in Korea than in the United States. We extended this past work in several ways: We studied both giving and receiving feedback, recruited Chinese young adults, used realistic scenarios, and employed the situation‐sampling method. Using text‐message‐based vignettes, Study 1 found that both American and Chinese friends used happy emojis when exchanging positive feedback whereas Americans used less positive emojis than did the Chinese when exchanging negative feedback. We then collected actual examples of feedback that people had given to their friends (Study 2a) and showed them to new samples of Chinese and American young adults (Study 2b). This situation‐sampling methodology found that (a) Americans rated negative feedback from both cultures especially negatively, and (b) negative feedback examples from China were rated especially negatively by people in both cultures. That is, although Chinese negative feedback is seemingly more harsh, Chinese young adults do not react as negatively. 相似文献
189.
190.
Four hundred and thirty-four children enrolled in school years 5 and 6 in the United Kingdom were administered measures of
trust beliefs in peers/best friends and psychosocial functioning (internalized maladjustment, self-perceived social acceptance,
social preference, and social exclusion) across an 8-month period (mean age = 9 years − 9 months at Time 1). The relation
between children's trust beliefs in peers or trust beliefs within best friend dyads and measures of psychosocial functioning
conformed to a quadratic pattern. Compared to children in the middle range of trust beliefs, children with very low trust
beliefs and those with very high trust beliefs in peers and/or within best friend dyads displayed higher internalized maladjustment,
lower self-perceived social acceptance, higher social exclusion, and lower social preference. The relation between the trust
beliefs and internalized maladjustment was asymmetrical, with children who held very low trust beliefs being comparatively
more disadvantaged. 相似文献