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951.
952.
Gerhard Schurz 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2001,32(1):65-107
Normic Laws and the Significance of Nonmonotonic Reasoning for Philosophy of Science. Normic laws have the form ‘if A then normally B’. They have been discovered in the explanation debate, but were considered
as empirically vacuous (§1). I argue that the prototypical (or ideal) normality of normic laws implies statistical normality
(§2), whence normic laws have empirical content. In §3–4 I explain why reasoning from normic laws is nonmonotonic, and why
the understanding of the individual case is so important here. After sketching some foundations of nonmonotonic reasoning
as developed by AI-researchers (§5), Iargue that normic laws are also the best way to understand ceteris paribus laws (§6).
§7 deals with the difference between physical and non-physical disciplines and §9 with the difference between normicity and
approximation. In §8 it is shown how nonmonotonic reasoning provides a new understanding of the protection of theories against
falsification by auxiliary hypotheses. §10, finally, gives a system- and evolution-theoretical explanation of the deeper reason
for the omnipresence of normic laws in practice and science, and forthe connection between ideal and statistical normality.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
953.
速度、步幅与窗口对引导式中文文本阅读工效的影响 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
引导式显示是在视觉显示终端(VDT)上呈现动态文本的主要方式之一.本研究考察了显示窗口大小、跳动步幅、显示速度等因素对引导式中文文本的阅读工效的影响.实验中采用了3(跳动步幅,被试内变量)×3(显示速度,被试内变量)×2(显示窗口大小,被试间变量)的混合设计,共有18个被试参加了实验.结果发现(1)跳动步幅、显示速度和窗口大小均影响中文文本的阅读工效;(2)达到最佳阅读工效的实验条件在速度和步幅上分别集中于200~400字/分和1~3字/步.最后本文结合中文阅读的相关眼动研究,对这些结果的成因进行了简要的探讨. 相似文献
954.
955.
应对量表(COPE)测评维度结构研究 总被引:25,自引:3,他引:22
该文旨在对应对量表(COPE)的测评维度结构进行进一步的鉴别分析和验证研究。研究一对736名大学生的应对量表中文修订本(C-COPE)测评数据进行探索性二阶因素分析;研究二根据已有研究关于应对量表测评维度组构模式的不同结论,以及研究一的结果,提出十个假设模型,采用验证性因素分析测试这些模型与另一大学生样本(N:465)测评数据的拟合度。研究结果支持C-COPE八因子斜交模型。该量表如何进一步修订也在文中予以讨论。 相似文献
956.
汉字识别中形音义激活时间进程的研究(Ⅰ) 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5
分别采用基于语义的和基于语音的启动范畴判断作业,在不同的SOA条件下,考察高频汉字识别中形音义信息激活的相对时间进程。两个实验的结果表明,高频汉字形音义激活的时序为字形—字义—字音的顺序。这一结果揭示,高频汉字字义的提取更符合直通理论的预期。高频汉字的语音是自动激活的,但语音的激活可能发生在字义通达之后。 相似文献
957.
Leonor I. Lega Albert Ellis 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2001,19(4):201-222
This paper reviews and discusses the results of five cross-cultural studies in Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Spain, and USA, using 2 (college students vs. their parents) × 2 (males vs. females) MANOVA match group designs with the Attitudes and Beliefs Inventory subscales as dependent variables, two multicultural studies investigating the relationship between some demographic variables (Pan American Health Organization's Index of Violence, and Acculturation) and people's Irrationality, and two multidisciplinary studies on the relationship between some medical conditions (skin diseases, and severity of symptoms during menopause) and Irrational Beliefs. 相似文献
958.
Anne E. Kazak Lamia P. Barakat Melissa Alderfer Mary T. Rourke Kathleen Meeske Paul R. Gallagher Avital Cnaan Margaret L. Stuber 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2001,8(4):307-323
This study presents initial data validating the use of a new instrument, the Impact of Traumatic Stressors Interview Schedule (ITSIS), to assess the occurrence of cancer-related posttraumatic stress in childhood cancer survivors and their mothers. Sixty-six child/adolescent cancer survivors and 64 of their mothers, as well as 130 young adult survivors, completed the ITSIS and other measures of posttraumatic stress and general distress. Five ITSIS factors were identified for the mothers and for the young adult survivors, and three ITSIS factors were identified for the child/adolescent survivors. Factors in all three samples reflected symptoms of posttraumatic distress, concern over medical late effects, communication, and changes in self due to cancer. Only young adult survivors had a factor reflecting a positive engagement with the cancer history. Factors correlated with validation measures in predicted ways. The findings further the conceptualization of posttraumatic stress in pediatric cancer by describing the traumatic experience for survivors and mothers. Comparing factors across samples allows an examination of different influences of cancer within families and over the course of development. 相似文献
959.
A Cross-Cultural and Developmental Analysis of Self-Esteem in Chinese and Western Children 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
In this review, we examine the construct of self-esteem from a cross-cultural perspective in Chinese and Western children and adolescents. We also explore the role of childrearing practices in the development of self-esteem in these different cultures. In doing so, we first review the concepts of emic (i.e., variations in patterns of behavior within a given culture) and etic research (i.e., variations in common patterns of behavior or activities across cultures). Then, we invoke Berry's notions of “imposed-etic” and “derived-etic” approaches (J. Berry, 1989) in understanding crucial cross-cultural differences that are evident in the literature. We pose basic questions such as: (1) What does self-esteem “look” like in Chinese children? (2) How do childrearing practices in China influence the development of self-esteem in children? And, (3) what are the limitations of cross-cultural research in understanding a phenomenon such as self-esteem? We suggest that self-esteem does not “mean” the same things across these collectivist and individualistic cultures. We conclude our discourse with specific recommendations for clinical theory, research, and practice. 相似文献
960.