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191.
该研究采用"乘法算式答案正误判断的实验室任务",以"奇偶检查策略"为具体策略研究对象,探查内隐奇偶检查策略的存在及其自动性特征。实验结果表明:(1)奇偶检查策略可以以内隐方式存在,但经过不断练习可最终上升到意识层面;(2)奇偶检查策略的外显和内隐使用表现出各自独立的优势效应。外显学习策略的优势效应主要表现在正确算式判断任务中,而内隐学习策略则在错误算式判断任务中表现出"内隐优势效应"的趋势;(3)内隐奇偶检查策略的人为外显化并不能促使个体增加使用该策略的频率,也不能有效提高策略的执行效率。 相似文献
192.
《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2013,66(12):2388-2408
Contingency is an important cue to causation. Research shows that people unequally weight the cells of a 2 × 2 contingency table as follows: cause-present/effect-present (A) > cause-present/effect-absent (B) > cause-absent/effect-present (C) > cause-absent/effect-absent (D). Although some models of causal judgement can accommodate that fact, most of them assume that the weighting of information is invariant as a function of whether one is assessing a hypothesized generative versus preventive relationship. An experiment was conducted that tested the hypothesis-independence assumption against the predictions of a novel weighted-positive-test-strategy account, which predicts hypothesis dependence in cell weighting. Supporting that account, judgements of hypothesized generative causes showed the standard A > B > C > D inequality, but judgements of hypothesized preventive causes showed the predicted B > A > D > C inequality. The findings reveal that cell weighting in causal judgement is both unequal and hypothesis dependent. 相似文献
193.
Emmanuel Manalo Yuri Uesaka Koki Sekitani 《Journal of applied research in memory and cognition》2013,2(4):216-221
Although mnemonics have been shown to be effective in remembering letter-sound associations, the use of foreign words as cues for English phonemes had not been investigated. Learning phonemes in Japan is challenging because the Japanese language is based on a different sound unit called mora (mostly consonant-vowel combinations). This study investigated the effectiveness of using mnemonic images utilizing Japanese words as cues for the phonemes, and explicit sound contrasting of phonemic sounds with morae they could be confused with, in facilitating children's acquisition of knowledge about alphabet letter-sound correspondence. The participants were 140 6th-grade Japanese students who were taught phoneme-consonant correspondence, with or without the use of mnemonics or explicit sound contrasting. Analysis of the students’ pre- and post-instruction assessments revealed significant interaction effects between types of instruction provided and instruction phase, indicating better performance in letter-sound association as a consequence of the inclusion of both mnemonics and explicit sound contrasting. 相似文献
194.
The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in postural sway and strategy elicited by lumbar extensor muscle fatigue. Specifically, changes in center of mass (COM), center of pressure (COP), and joint kinematics during quiet standing were determined, as well as selected cross correlations between these variables that are indicative of movement strategy. Twelve healthy male participants stood quietly both before and after exercises that fatigued the lumbar extensors. Whole-body movement and ground reaction force data were recorded and used to calculate mean body posture and variability of COM, COP, and joint kinematics during quiet standing. Three main findings emerged. First, participants adopted a slight forward lean post-fatigue as evidenced by an anterior shift of the COM and COP. Second, post-fatigue increases in joint angle variability were observed at multiple joints including joints distal to the fatigued musculature. Despite these increases, anterior-posterior (AP) ankle angle correlated well with AP COM position, suggesting the body still behaved similar to an inverted pendulum. Third, global measures of sway based on COM and COP were not necessarily indicative of changes in individual joint kinematics. Thus, in trying to advance our understanding of how localized fatigue affects movement patterns and the postural control system, it appears that joint kinematics and/or multivariate measures of postural sway are necessary. 相似文献
195.
Summary Big History – an integral conception of the past since the Big Bang until today – is a novel subject of cross-disciplinary interest. The concept was construed in the 1980–1990s simultaneously in different countries, after relevant premises had matured in the sciences and humanities.Various versions and traditions of Big History are considered in the article. Particularly, most of the Western authors emphasize the idea of equilibrium, and thus reduce cosmic, biological, and social evolution to the mass-energy processes; the informational parameter involving all mental and spiritual aspects are seen as epiphenomena of material structures” complication that do not play their own role in evolution. In Russian tradition ascending to A. Bogdanov, E. Bauer, I. Prigogine, and E. Jantsch, sustainable non-equilibrium patterns are used. This implies attention to the pan-material sources and evolution of mental capacities and spiritual culture (as basic anti-entropy instruments) and humans” growing intervention in the material processes on Earth and outside it.The non-equilibrium approach in the context of modern control and self-organization theories, alters the portrayal of the past, and still more dramatically, estimation of the civilization’s potential perspectives. 相似文献
196.
Carol F. Shoptaugh Jeanne A. Phelps Michelle E. Visio 《Journal of business and psychology》2004,19(2):179-196
The question "Should organizations be concerned with the eldercare responsibilities of their employees?" was addressed from several perspectives: (1) prevalence of need, (2) the relationships among eldercare responsibilities, satisfaction with eldercare arrangements, and workplace attitudes and outcomes, and (3) support for organizational eldercare programs. Our sample was predominately female and we defined eldercare responsibilities broadly; however, only 5 of 885 employees reported eldercare responsibilities. The majority relied on family arrangements and reported dissatisfaction with these arrangements. Dissatisfaction was related to interruptions at work, leaving early, and intent to quit. Eldercare-givers did not differ from other groups on job satisfaction and organizational commitment, but were absent from work significantly more often. There was strong employee support for employer-sponsored eldercare programs. 相似文献
197.
The coping strategies employed in response to different types of bullying, by 305 Danish children (142 boys, 163 girls) in school years four to nine (aged 10-15 years), were investigated. Children were classed into four bully-victim status types. A revised version of the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire was used for the classification of children, and a Self-Report Coping Measure for the investigation of coping strategies. The coping strategy of Externalizing was used significantly more by children classed as bully/victims compared with victims and not involved children: Seeking Social Support and Internalizing were preferred significantly more by girls, whereas Externalizing was preferred significantly more by boys; Distancing, Seeking Social Support, and Internalizing were favored significantly more by children in years four to six compared with children in years seven to nine. Looking at coping strategies in response to different types of bullying, Seeking Social Support was used significantly more in response to attack on property relative to verbal bullying, social exclusion, and indirect bullying, and Distancing was used significantly less in response to attack on property compared with any of the other types of bullying. The results are discussed in relation to implications for educational practice. 相似文献
198.
Rats were exposed to a radial maze containing six black smooth arms and six wire-grid-covered arms and a striped 'exit arm'
in experiment 1. The probability of a black or grid arm being baited (5/6 vs 1/6) with sunflower seeds was associated with
its proximal cue for some rats (the Relevant Arm Cue group) but not for others (the Irrelevant Arm Cue group). All rats could
terminate a trial and receive a highly preferred morsel of apple by entering the exit arm only after having sampled all six
seed-baited arms. Relevant Arm Cue rats usually chose some arms from the more densely baited set before choosing an arm from
the less densely baited set and made fewer reentries than Irrelevant Arm Cue rats. Although such clustered, higher choice
accuracy in the Relevant Arm Cue group corresponds to human clustered, better recall of verbal items from lists hierarchically
organized by categories, these rats did not similarly exhaustively retrieve items (arm locations). That is, when required
to terminate a trial by entering the 'exit' arm for an apple morsel after having sampled all seed-baited arms, both groups
were equally unable to withhold making nonrewarded premature exits. This nonexhaustive foraging search pattern was maintained
in the next two experiments in which the radial maze was reduced to three black and three grid arms along with the striped
'exit' arm and in which black and grid arm cues were paired with number of seeds (eight or one) in an arm for Relevant Arm
Cue rats. Although Relevant Arm Cue rats displayed perfect clustering by entering all eight-seeded arms before a one-seeded
arm, they made more premature exits and reentries into eight-seeded arms in experiment 2 or when forced to enter all eight-seeded
arms in experiment 3 than did Irrelevant Arm Cue rats. These foraging tendencies prevent accurate estimations of the amount
of information (i.e., arm locations) rats can 'chunk'.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
199.
考试应付与相关因素的研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
本研究运用测量的方法考察了 1 0 0个大学生考试前后的应付方式以及人格、社会支持等因素对应付方式选择的影响作用。结果发现 ,考试应付与情景变化、人格特点和社会支持等因素有关。其中自尊、外向和低精神质人格特点与解决问题指向应付方式使用相关 ,低掩饰性与悲观人格特点与幻想、发泄、否认的消极应付方式使用相关。社会支持在应付中是一种重要的辅助资源 ,缺乏社会支持资源 ,考试过程中倾向于使用自闭的消极应付方式 ,社会支持资源丰富 ,则倾向于使用寻求社会支持的积极应付方式。 相似文献
200.