DOES CONDITIONAL DISCRIMINATION LEARNING BY PIGEONS NECESSARILY INVOLVE HIERARCHICAL RELATIONSHIPS?

Four experiments demonstrate that when putative conditional and discriminative cues are presented simultaneously in the single reversal procedure, it is not possible to ascribe a uniquely conditional or uniquely discriminative function to either of the cues. In Experiment 1, pigeons were trained to respond to a blue key and not to a red key while the houselight was on; then in a different session they learned the reversal of this discrimination with the houselight off (single reversal). Separate groups were tested for color generalization with houselight conditions alternating in blocks of trials or for houselight intensity generalization with blue and red key colors alternating in blocks of trials. Both test procedures revealed a conditional relationship between houselight and key color conditions. Experiment 2 produced the same result following training in which the key colors were held constant across training sessions while the houselight and no houselight conditions varied within sessions. In Experiment 3, separate groups were trained with the two procedures but were tested with randomly ordered combinations of key colors and houselight intensities. The two groups yielded indistinguishable bidimensional generalization gradients with peaks at both previously reinforced stimulus combinations. In Experiment 4 the subjects were switched from one of these training procedures to the other with no decrement in their discriminative performance. We conclude that for successive discriminations between conditional- and discriminative-stimulus combinations, the notion of a hierarchical relation between conditional and discriminative stimuli must be extended to include a symmetrical relationship or the notion should be abandoned altogether.     

Phencyclidine discrimination in the pigeon using color tracking under second-order schedules

Pigeons were trained to track different key colors, depending on whether they had been injected with phencyclidine or saline prior to the session. A second-order schedule was used to generate large numbers of responses prior to the initial food delivery. The procedure offers several advantages over traditional procedures for studying drug discrimination.     

关于幼儿嗅、味、动、触摸感觉道记忆的研究

记忆在幼儿心理的发展过程中,具有极为重要的作用。幼儿知识的掌握,语言的学习,技巧的培养,以至个性的形成,都与记忆活动密切联系。国内外关于幼儿记忆的研究,主要限于有意与无意识记,机械与意义识记,形象与语词记忆等方面,很少从不同感觉道输入信息来进行比较。有的实验虽然涉及到不同感觉道的记忆,但被试者都是7岁以上的儿童,如斯梅德利(Smedley)和三岛、横尾等人的研究。为了全面了解幼儿的记忆发展水平,我们设计了关于幼儿不同感觉道记忆的实验研究,试图通过对幼儿各个感觉道输入信息来全面测查幼儿的视觉、听觉、味觉、嗅觉、动觉和触摸党的记忆水平,了解其发展规律及特点,以便为幼儿记忆的理论研究提供实验数据,为幼儿教育提供心理学依据。     

不同性别比和童年经济状况对未婚男性性态度的影响

基于进化心理学的生命史理论,通过两个实验探讨性别比和童年经济状况同男性性态度间的关系。实验1和实验2分别采用图片和文字材料启动被试的性别比感知,结果发现感知性别比和童年经济状况对未婚男性的"随意性行为"态度表现出显著的交互效应：童年家庭经济状况差的未婚男性在感知到周围女性数量相对充裕的情境下,其性开放态度会较感知到周围男性数量充裕时明显上升;童年家庭富裕的男性的性开放态度在不同感知性别比下保持相对稳定。     

背景应激对静息态下大脑自发神经活动的影响

本研究试图探究背景应激对应激相关大脑自发神经活动的影响。使用日常应激水平作为背景应激的量化指标。同时，使用静息态fMRI技术，采集了个体在静息态下的大脑自发神经活动，并使用局部一致性（ReHo）作为指标。结果发现，背景应激越高的个体，右侧海马（扩展到丘脑和脑干）静息态下局部一致性水平越高。结果提示，经历了高背景应激的个体会表现出边缘系统脑区的自发神经活动的持续活跃状态。     

彩色背景下的颜色突显研究

颜色突显是指在与视觉搜索任务有关的视觉显示中,采用颜色突出显示多个项目中的目标项目,从而提高视觉搜索效率的一种方法或技术。本文采用视觉搜索任务,以正确率和反应时为指标对单彩色和复杂彩色背景下不同颜色突显的视觉搜索绩效进行了研究。结果表明：（1）在单彩色背景和复杂彩色背景下,颜色突显条件视觉搜索绩效显著优于非突显条件;（2）在浅蓝或浅绿的单彩色背景下,四种颜色突显绩效中,红色突显绩效最好,紫色最差,而在随机彩色背景和复杂彩色背景下,颜色突显绩效差异并不显著;（3）在彩色背景下的颜色突显绩效会受到干扰数字的颜色的影响,其中在单色和随机彩色背景下,干扰目标颜色为黑色时的视觉搜索绩效优于干扰目标颜色为白色时的情景,而在自然彩色背景下,这种视觉搜索优势并不存在。     

工作记忆负荷对注意捕获的影响研究

注意捕获研究对于探讨两种控制过程:自上而下的加工与自下而上的加工之间的关系具有重要的意义。本文通过检验不同工作记忆负荷对注意捕获的影响,探讨自上而下的认知控制对注意捕获的影响机制。本研究共包括二个实验:实验一比较了单、双任务条件对颜色干扰子注意捕获的影响;实验二探讨了不同工作记忆负荷对颜色干扰子注意捕获的影响。实验结果表明:工作记忆不仅在选择性注意任务中具有认知控制作用,而且这种作用能扩展到注意捕获现象中。注意捕获不是纯粹的刺激驱动的加工过程,它还受到自上而下的认知控制的调节。具体表现为,随着工作记忆负荷水平的增加,无关干扰子产生的注意捕获的程度增大。     

颜色偏好研究进展

颜色偏好是人在心理上所喜爱或偏好的颜色。人们对抽象颜色、具体物色都会表现出偏好;性格、性别、年龄、文化等因素会影响颜色偏好。以往研究者在研究内容、研究材料、研究条件尚存不足,这正是今后研究的方向。     

Red shirt color has no effect on winning in European Soccer: Reanalysis of Attrill et al. (2008) of the English premier league and six additional European leagues

Attrill et al. (2008) conducted a far-reaching study in elite English soccer demonstrating in archival research that from 1946 to 2003 seasons, teams wearing red uniforms were more likely to win championships than teams in other uniform colors, won more at home and had a higher average league position (relative to cross-city rivals). Their study was one of only very few that extended the color-in-context theory (Elliot & maier, 2007) to team, ball-oriented long-duration sports. The current investigation returns to the red superiority hypothesis in professional soccer due to weaknesses in the original evidence for this hypothesis. We conducted two studies testing the red superiority hypothesis in professional soccer. In Study 1a, we first reanalyzed the original data and tested the strength of evidence in favor of the red superiority hypothesis. We then updated the English premier league data (1992–2018) and tested uniform color effects on game outcomes. In Study 2, we attempted to broaden the scope of Study 1 and increase statistical power by testing the red superiority effect during the last 20 years of six major European Soccer leagues (NOS Portugal, German Bundesliga, Dutch Eredivisie, Spanish la Liga, French Ligue 1, and the Italian Serie A). All three tests challenge the validity of the original findings and fail to detect uniform color effects at home play in professional soccer. In light of the current findings and a growing body of research in the field we call into question overall color effects in this athletic context.     

人际愤怒的利与弊：来自元分析的证据

愤怒是因愿望落空、目标受挫或边界被犯而产生的负性情绪, 指向他人的愤怒即为人际愤怒。人际愤怒对接收者的影响有争议, 有人认为人际愤怒弊端极大, 有人认为人际愤怒是可资利用的工具。这种分歧可能源于评价指标、参照对象和应用场景的不同, 有必要用元分析系统考察人际愤怒的利与弊。本研究对67篇文献, 总样本量为15462人的185个效应值进行了分析, 结果发现：人际愤怒会让接收者让步更多、亲社会行为减少、问题解决行为提升, 同时情境不公平感增加, 对愤怒表达者的态度和能力评价均降低, 这些效应受接收者文化背景和相对权力大小的调节。这提示人际愤怒利弊相依, 能改变愤怒接收者的某些行为, 却增加对表达者的消极评价, 应视情景谨慎使用。