特征整合与加工深度对道德概念容器隐喻联结的影响

提出了隐喻提取假说将隐喻联结的形成和提取进行分离, 并通过3个实验探究了道德概念与容器空间的隐喻联结及其受知觉加工深度和特征整合程度的影响。实验1采用空间Stroop范式, 实验2a和实验2b均采用启动范式, 实验3a和实验3b均采用加入任务要求的Stroop范式。结果发现：(1)在经典Stroop范式中未发现道德概念与容器空间的隐喻联结; (2)在启动范式中发现, 较深知觉加工深度下道德概念与容器空间存在较弱的隐喻联结; (3)在较高特征整合程度的Stroop任务中, 道德概念与容器空间存在较强的隐喻联结。结果表明：道德概念与容器空间存在道德为内、不道德为外的隐喻联结, 这种隐喻联结在映射上表现为双向性, 并且受到特征整合程度和知觉加工深度的影响, 同时也为隐喻提取假说提供了证据支持。     

对语义网络中概念非类属关系的实验研究

本研究包括三个实验。实验一在混和呈现条件下比较被试对隐喻句和类属句的加工时问,发现可理解性高的隐喻句的R_T不比类属句的慢。实验二在分组呈现条件下比较被试加工隐喻句与类属句的速度,结果与实验一基本相同。实验一、二中还发现类属概念的层次与语义加工时间没有必然联系。实验三比较了隐喻句对三类概念的启动作用,发现隐喻对自身的语义特征概念有明显的启动作用。根据三个实验的结果,我们提出了一种称为特征联结的语义网络结构模型。     

特征相似性、类别标签与因果关系在归纳推理中的作用

采用人工材料,比较类别标签、特征相似性与因果关系对归纳推理强度的影响。包括两个实验,实验1比较类别标签与特征相似性对归纳推理的影响,结果表明,当类别标签对归纳推理的影响显著强于特征相似性时,不能将类别标签等同于一个相似性特征。实验2进一步探讨类别标签与因果关系对归纳推理的作用,结果表明,因果关系作用明显强于类别标签的作用。综合两个实验的结果并整合前人相关研究,提出了不同关系影响归纳推理的强度假想。     

多感觉整合的时间再校准

跨通道刺激的时间同步性是多感觉整合的必要条件, 但是由于刺激物理传导与神经传导的差异, 它们在时间上并非完全匹配。时间再校准指大脑能够适应跨通道刺激间很短的时间延迟的现象, 反映了多感觉整合在时间维度上的可塑性, 表现为适应相继呈现的跨通道刺激后, 主观同时点向时间延迟方向的偏移。本文主要介绍了时间再校准的通道效应与潜在机制, 其初始加工阶段, 它与刺激内容加工的关系及主要的影响因素。今后的研究应当进一步探索时间再校准能否发生于早期加工阶段, 检验其认知过程是否具有双向性, 探讨空间选择性注意的作用, 并结合神经机制的研究, 从综合的视角进行更完善的理论建构。     

任务维度和任务无关维度干扰信息的同质性影响视觉搜索的神经机制

在三个实验中, 我们利用功能性磁共振成像(functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI)技术考察了在简单特征搜索任务和客体内联合搜索任务中任务维度干扰项的同质性(或称一致性, homogeneity)和任务无关维度干扰信息的同质性对视觉搜索行为的影响及其神经机制。主要探讨了三个问题：(1) 任务维度干扰信息的同质性与目标存在性之间交互作用的神经机制; (2) 任务维度干扰信息的同质性与任务无关维度干扰信息的同质性之间的交互作用及其神经机制; (3) 上述神经机制在不同类型的视觉搜索(特征搜索和联合搜索)中的异同。     

Effects of adaptive cruise control and highly automated driving on workload and situation awareness: A review of the empirical evidence

Adaptive cruise control (ACC), a driver assistance system that controls longitudinal motion, has been introduced in consumer cars in 1995. A next milestone is highly automated driving (HAD), a system that automates both longitudinal and lateral motion. We investigated the effects of ACC and HAD on drivers’ workload and situation awareness through a meta-analysis and narrative review of simulator and on-road studies. Based on a total of 32 studies, the unweighted mean self-reported workload was 43.5% for manual driving, 38.6% for ACC driving, and 22.7% for HAD (0% = minimum, 100 = maximum on the NASA Task Load Index or Rating Scale Mental Effort). Based on 12 studies, the number of tasks completed on an in-vehicle display relative to manual driving (100%) was 112% for ACC and 261% for HAD. Drivers of a highly automated car, and to a lesser extent ACC drivers, are likely to pick up tasks that are unrelated to driving. Both ACC and HAD can result in improved situation awareness compared to manual driving if drivers are motivated or instructed to detect objects in the environment. However, if drivers are engaged in non-driving tasks, situation awareness deteriorates for ACC and HAD compared to manual driving. The results of this review are consistent with the hypothesis that, from a Human Factors perspective, HAD is markedly different from ACC driving, because the driver of a highly automated car has the possibility, for better or worse, to divert attention to secondary tasks, whereas an ACC driver still has to attend to the roadway.     

合体汉字字形识别过程探索

该研究用微观发生范式探索了合体汉字和假字的字形识别过程 ,结果发现 :(1 )部件字、真字和假字的正确提取率随呈现时间增长而提高 ,字形刺激的特征加工是一个有序的发展过程 ,对字形的识别加工过程受字形熟悉性和字形结构方式的影响 ;(2 )在左右型字刺激和上下型字刺激中 ,经常首先从右部件或下部件中提取笔画或笔画组合 (称首特征 ) ,而且首特征的提取不受字形熟悉性影响。根据以上结果可以推测 ,字形结构属性在字形识别加工的最初阶段先于特征获加工 ,字形熟悉性则对首特征提取后的特征或部件加工过程产生影响。     

图形颜色、形状及质地表征特性的研究

记忆中的图形特征既可以按一定方式被直接储存,也可以按抽象形式存储。虽然目前尚无法确定图形特征（形状、颜色等）分别以何种方式存储,但可以肯定,图形的颜色和形状可以分开表征。那么,图形的其它特征之间是否也是可以分开表征呢？该研究中的两个实验对图形的质地与形状、质地与颜色之间表征关系进行了探讨。实验结果表明,图形的质地可以分别与形状、颜色分开表征,这一结果提示,人们在记忆图形时,可以将图形的不同特征按分离方式进行加工。同时,通过对两实验结果比较发现,图形的形状、颜色和质地的记忆难度之间存在差异,形状最易,颜色最难,质地居中。     

Is apparent instability a guiding feature in visual search?

ABSTRACT

Humans are quick to notice if an object is unstable. Does that assessment require attention or can instability serve as a preattentive feature that can guide the deployment of attention? This paper describes a series of visual search experiments, designed to address this question. Experiment 1 shows that less stable images among more stable images are found more efficiently than more stable among less stable; a search asymmetry that supports guidance by instability. Experiment 2 shows efficient search but no search asymmetry when the orientation of the objects is removed as a confound. Experiment 3 independently varies the orientation cues and perceived stability and finds a clear main effect of apparent stability. Experiment 4 shows converging evidence for a role of stability using different stimuli that lack an orientation cue. However, here both search for stable and unstable targets is inefficient. Experiment 5 is a control for Experiment 4, showing that the stability effect in Experiment 4 is not simple side-effects of the geometry of the stimuli. On balance, the data support a role for instability in the guidance of attention in visual search. (184 words)