用信息函数法对标准参照测验作质量分析

根据项目反应理论的信息函数法,以自主开发的“现代教育和心理测量通用分析系统”为工具,对两个大规模实施的标准参照测验进行了测验质量分析。结果说明,信息函数分析法比经典真分数理论分析法,可以获得更丰富、深刻、有针对性的资料,能对项目筛选修订、测验编制开发给出有力的指导,值得大力引进、推广。     

刻板印象的自动过程研究新进展

本文从两个方面对刻板印象的自动过程研究进行了回顾：自动过程是固定的和不可避免的;自动过程是有条件的。一个传统的观点在心理学中占据了将近40年,它认为刻板印象是自动激活的,不考虑知觉者的意图和目标。近几年来针对自动刻板印象的适应性的研究将近50项,对此提出挑战,研究表明知觉者的目的和意图能够起一些作用,自动刻板印象能够被一系列的因素所缓和,具有一定的适应性。     

Comparison of blocking strategies informed by precursor assessment to decrease pica

Pica is dangerous behavior and often maintained by automatic reinforcement. We conducted a latency functional analysis (FA) using safe consumption items to verify that pica was maintained in part by automatic reinforcement and exclude participants for whom pica was likely maintained solely by attention. Next, we identified precursors to pica through a probability analysis and conducted a brief blocking assessment for participants' whose pica occurred in the alone and attention conditions of the FA. Finally, we compared blocking precursors with pica, touching an inedible item and the pica itself. Results showed that five of the six participants' pica was likely maintained by automatic reinforcement, and pica decreased during the brief blocking assessment for three of four participants. Results of the blocking comparison showed that blocking behaviors earlier in the response hierarchy was as effective as only blocking pica attempts for two participants and more effective for one participant.     

难度－价值权衡情境下的项目选择及其眼动特征

本研究采用行为和眼动技术,通过设置难度—价值权衡情境,考察在学习时间有限的条件下,学习者如何选择学习项目,以及该过程如何发生。结果发现：(1)被试更多选择得分期望最高的项目,而非分值最高或最简单的项目。(2)选择学习项目的过程不存在计算项目得分期望的过程。结果表明,学习者项目选择不仅基于难度或价值,而是会权衡难度和价值,选择得分期望最高的项目。该过程不符合补偿性决策理论的预期,与非补偿性理论预期一致。     

解释性项目反应理论模型：理论与应用

解释性项目反应理论模型(Explanatory Item Response Theory Models, EIRTM)是指基于广义线性混合模型和非线性混合模型构建的项目反应理论(Item Response Theory, IRT)模型。EIRTM能在IRT模型的基础上直接加入预测变量, 从而解决各类测量问题。首先介绍EIRTM的相关概念和参数估计方法, 然后展示如何使用EIRTM处理题目位置效应、测验模式效应、题目功能差异、局部被试依赖和局部题目依赖, 接着提供实例对EIRTM的使用进行说明, 最后对EIRTM的不足之处和应用前景进行讨论。     

工会实践对员工工作幸福感的影响：基于工具-情感的双路径视角

日益僵化的传统管理手段、多元化的新生代员工利益诉求, 以及频发的企业劳资冲突, 导致中国基层工会在劳资关系中日趋式微, 进而陷入组织不愿投资、员工主动抛弃的双重困境。基于“工具-情感”双路径的视角和遵循“情境-认知”的逻辑框架, 为了在理论上和实证上回答“加强工会的实践效用能否给企业带来回报”这一问题, 拟通过在组织层次和个体层次测量工会实践的跨层次研究方法, 探讨工具性/情感性工会实践是否能够通过缓解劳资冲突提高员工工作幸福感这一理论问题, 并进一步研究在这一作用链上的边界条件。如此便揭示了基层工会在实现劳资双赢的实质性价值以及对员工幸福感的影响功效, 既是对管理科学“有良心研究”的伦理回应, 也是加强基层工会组织建设的重要策略。     

自动化情绪调节策略对特质焦虑大学生应激反应的影响

研究采用句子整理任务诱发自动化情绪调节策略,特里尔社会应激测试模拟应激过程,以探讨认知重评和表达抑制对不同特质焦虑倾向大学生在应激状态下的影响。结果发现,自动化认知重评和表达抑制能获得适应性生理反应。自动化情绪调节策略适用于不同特质焦虑倾向的个体。特质焦虑对个体应激反应的影响主要体现在情绪体验上,高焦虑特质个体更易体验到焦虑情绪。但个体在压力性任务中的生理反应和行为表现不受特质焦虑因素的影响。     

认知诊断测验中基于信息矩阵的多群组DIF检验

基于改进的Wald统计量,将适用于两群组的DIF检测方法拓展至多群组的项目功能差异（DIF）检验;改进的Wald统计量将分别通过计算观察信息矩阵（Obs）和经验交叉相乘信息矩阵（XPD）而得到。模拟研究探讨了此二者与传统计算方法在多个群组下的DIF检验情况,结果表明：（1）Obs和XPD的一类错误率明显低于传统方法,DINA模型估计下Obs和XPD的一类错误率接近理论水平;（2）样本量和DIF量较大时,Obs和XPD具有与传统Wald统计量大体相同的统计检验力。     

Ant Colony Optimization and Local Weighted Structural Equation Modeling. A Tutorial on Novel Item and Person Sampling Procedures for Personality Research

Measurement in personality development faces many psychometric problems. First, theory‐based measurement models do not fit the empirical data in terms of traditional confirmatory factor analysis. Second, measurement invariance across age, which is necessary for a meaningful interpretation of age‐associated personality differences, is rarely accomplished. Finally, continuous moderator variables, such as age, are often artificially categorized. This categorization leads to bias when interpreting differences in personality across age. In this tutorial, we introduce methods to remedy these problems. We illustrate how Ant Colony Optimization can be used to sample indicators that meet prespecified demands such as model fit. Further, we use Local Structural Equation Modeling to resample and weight subjects to study differences in the measurement model across age as a continuous moderator variable. We also provide a detailed illustration for both tools with the Neuroticism scale of the openly available International Personality Item Pool – NEO inventory using data from the UK sample (N = 15 827). Combined, both tools can remedy persistent problems in research on personality and its development. In addition to a step‐by‐step illustration, we provide commented syntax for both tools. © 2019 European Association of Personality Psychology     

Consequences of Ignoring Guessing Effects on Measurement Invariance Analysis

Pseudo-guessing parameters are present in item response theory applications for many educational assessments. When sample size is not sufficiently large, the guessing parameters may be ignored from the analysis. This study examines the impact of ignoring pseudo-guessing parameters on measurement invariance analysis, specifically, on item difficulty, item discrimination, and mean and variance of ability distribution. Results show that when non-zero guessing parameters are ignored from the measurement invariance analysis, item discrimination estimates tend to decrease particularly for more difficult items, and item difficulty estimates decrease unless the items are highly discriminating and difficult. As the guessing parameter increases, the size of the decrease in item discrimination and difficulty tends to increase, and the estimated mean and variance of ability distribution tend to be inaccurate. When two groups have heterogeneous ability distributions, ignoring the guessing parameter affects the reference group and the focal group differently. Implications of result findings are discussed.