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141.
142.
Applied Logic without Psychologism 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gregory Wheeler 《Studia Logica》2008,88(1):137-156
Logic is a celebrated representation language because of its formal generality. But there are two senses in which a logic
may be considered general, one that concerns a technical ability to discriminate between different types of individuals, and
another that concerns constitutive norms for reasoning as such. This essay embraces the former, permutation-invariance conception
of logic and rejects the latter, Fregean conception of logic. The question of how to apply logic under this pure invariantist
view is addressed, and a methodology is given. The pure invariantist view is contrasted with logical pluralism, and a methodology
for applied logic is demonstrated in remarks on a variety of issues concerning non-monotonic logic and non-monotonic inference,
including Charles Morgan’s impossibility results for non-monotonic logic, David Makinson’s normative constraints for non-monotonic
inference, and Igor Douven and Timothy Williamson’s proposed formal constraints on rational acceptance. 相似文献
143.
Formal nonmonotonic systems try to model the phenomenon that common sense reasoners are able to “jump” in their reasoning
from assumptions Δ to conclusions C without their being any deductive chain from Δ to C. Such jumps are done by various mechanisms which are strongly dependent on context and knowledge of how the actual world
functions. Our aim is to motivate these jump rules as inference rules designed to optimise survival in an environment with
scant resources of effort and time. We begin with a general discussion and quickly move to Section 3 where we introduce five
resource principles. We show that these principles lead to some well known nonmonotonic systems such as Nute’s defeasible
logic. We also give several examples of practical reasoning situations to illustrate our principles.
Edited by Hannes Leitgeb 相似文献
144.
Tomoyuki Yamada 《Synthese》2008,165(2):295-315
In this paper, illocutionary acts of commanding will be differentiated from perlocutionary acts that affect preferences of
addressees in a new dynamic logic which combines the preference upgrade introduced in DEUL (dynamic epistemic upgrade logic) by van Benthem and Liu with the deontic update introduced in ECL II (eliminative command logic II) by Yamada. The resulting logic will incorporate J. L. Austin’s distinction between illocutionary
acts as acts having mere conventional effects and perlocutionary acts as acts having real effects upon attitudes and actions
of agents, and help us understand why saying so can make it so in explicit performative utterances. We will also discuss how
acts of commanding give rise to so-called “deontic dilemmas” and how we can accommodate most deontic dilemmas without triggering
so-called “deontic explosion”. 相似文献
145.
William Craig 《Synthese》2008,164(3):321-332
A common aim of elimination problems for languages of logic is to express the entire content of a set of formulas of the language,
or a certain part of it, in a way that is more elementary or more informative. We want to bring out that as the languages
for logic grew in expressive power and, at the same time, our knowledge of their expressive limitations also grew, elimination
problems in logic underwent some change. For languages other than that for monadic second-order logic, there remain important
open problems. 相似文献
146.
147.
Procedural norms are instrumental norms addressed to agents playing a role in the normative system, for example to motivate these role playing agents to recognize violations or to apply sanctions. Procedural norms have first been discussed in law, where they address legal practitioners such as legislators, lawyers and policemen, but they are discussed now too in normative multiagent systems to motivate software agents. Procedural norms aim to achieve the social order specified using regulative norms like obligations and permissions, and constitutive norms like counts-as obligations. In this paper we formalize procedural, regulative and constitutive norms using input/output logic enriched with an agent ontology and an abstraction hierarchy. We show how our formalization explains Castelfranchi's notion of mutual empowerment, stating that not only the agents playing a role in a normative system are empowered by the normative system, but the normative system itself is also empowered by the agents playing a role in it. In our terminology, the agents are not only institutionally empowered, but they are also delegated normative goals from the system. Together, institutional empowerment and normative goal delegation constitute a mechanism which we call delegation of power, where agents acting on behalf of the normative system become in charge of recognizing which institutional facts follow from brute facts. 相似文献
148.
文章在扩展博弈上,给出了多值逻辑的语义赋值博弈的一般框架,避免了博弈者在多值逻辑的语义博弈中声明无穷对象的问题;然后通过Eloise赢的策略定义博弈的语义概念——赋值,证明了多值逻辑的博弈语义与Tarski语义是等价的;最后,根据语义赋值博弈框架对经典逻辑进行了博弈化。 相似文献
149.
We develop a functional abstraction principle for the type-free algorithmic logic introduced in our earlier work. Our approach
is based on the standard combinators but is supplemented by the novel use of evaluation trees. Then we show that the abstraction
principle leads to a Curry fixed point, a statement C that asserts C ⇒ A where A is any given statement. When A is false, such a C yields a paradoxical situation. As discussed in our earlier work, this situation leaves one no choice but to restrict the
use of a certain class of implicational rules including modus ponens. 相似文献
150.
Logics with the Qualitative Probability Operator 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Ognjanovic Zoran; Perovic Aleksandar; Raskovic Miodrag 《Logic Journal of the IGPL》2008,16(2):105-120
The paper presents several strongly complete axiomatizationsof qualitative probability within the framework of probabilisticlogic. We show that in the proposed semantics qualitative probabilitiesare characterized by probability functions, so they also arecomparative probabilities. 相似文献