Women’s physical attractiveness and short-term mating strategies

The current study examined the relationship between women’s physical attractiveness – as rated by themselves and a set of third-party raters – and their mating strategy and sexual experience. Male (N = 105) and female (N = 113) undergraduates rated the attractiveness of face and body photographs of 93 female undergraduates. Attractiveness ratings – particularly bodily attractiveness ratings – were significantly related to women’s mating psychology and behavior. More attractive women reported more sexual experience and a less restricted sociosexual orientation. In addition, some traits better predicted women’s perception of their overall attractiveness, and this pattern was further linked to mating strategy: more sociosexually unrestricted women showed a stronger relationship between bodily traits (i.e., body mass index) and overall attractiveness than less sociosexually unrestricted women. Discussion focuses on the findings that a woman’s mating strategy is linked to both her self-perceived and objective measures of attractiveness, particularly bodily attractiveness.     

面孔吸引力的整体表征及其动态性增强

面孔作为一种高级的视觉刺激,在人际交往中有着无可替代的作用。其中,面孔吸引力更是影响着日常生活的重要社交决策,如择偶、交友、求职、社会交换等。长久以来,研究者们从面孔特征、社会信息和观察者因素等角度不断探索着人们对静态面孔吸引力的感知,且多从进化角度加以解释。但是,人们如何表征面孔吸引力以及其动态性增强机制仍未可知。本项目通过两个研究,分别从面孔吸引力的整体表征,以及面孔动态性通过影响整体加工、影响对整体信息和特征信息的注意、以及影响社会信息来增强吸引力,从这两个角度尝试回答这一问题。在研究1中,本项目从整体加工的角度探索了面孔吸引力的认知表征。研究1.1通过评分任务和适应范式探索高空间频率（更多局部特征）和低空间频率（更多整体特征）对面孔吸引力的影响,旨在从空间频率探讨面孔吸引力的整体表征。研究1.2通过操纵面孔对称性和面孔常态性探索面孔常态性在面孔对称性和面孔吸引力间的中介作用,探讨面孔吸引力的常态构型表征。研究1.3引入“三庭五眼”这一中国传统面孔审美理论,通过评分任务和适应范式研究“三庭五眼” 构型是否符合中国人对高吸引力中国面孔的表征,以此探讨面孔吸引力的整体表征。研究1.4通过评分任务和适应范式考察局部面孔遮挡是否促进整体面孔吸引力,以及这种促进作用是否由于人们通过局部特征“脑补”出了完整面孔。研究2从整体加工、注意和生命力的角度探讨面孔吸引力的动态性增强机制。研究2.1使用合成效应范式测量动态面孔吸引力的整体加工,探索动静态面孔的吸引力差异是否源于其整体加工程度的不同。研究2.2使用注意分散范式,并结合眼动技术,探讨人们对动静态面孔的注视模式是否存在差异,这种差异是否能解释动态面孔吸引力的增强。研究2.3结合问卷法、实验法和结构方程模型,考察了生命力这一社会因素对动静态面孔吸引力的影响。本项目探讨了面孔吸引力的认知表征以及其动态性增强机制,有助于我们进一步理解人们对面孔吸引力的认知加工以及人类欣赏美这一高级智能。同时,本项目的结果对于日常人际交往和面孔吸引力相关算法的优化等方面也有潜在的应用价值。     

基于面孔的印象形成:神经科学的视角

印象形成过程是心理学的经典研究主题,最近随着神经科学的兴起和脑成像技术的成熟,研究者开始从神经科学的角度审视人类的印象形成过程.印象形成主要基于三种信息,即面孔知觉,直接互动和二手信息.就面孔而言,基于面孔的印象形成更为快速和准确,其中杏仁核在其中起着重要的作用;作为对照,文章简要介绍了基于二手信息和直接互动的印象形成,它们更多涉及深思熟虑的任务,激活内侧前额皮层和颞上沟后端.印象形成的神经机制,线索之间的关系、印象形成的影响伴随着新技术的运用将会得到研究者的关注.     

面部特征空间关系、肤色亮度对卡通面孔吸引力的影响

选取88名大班儿童（43名女童和45名男童）及90名在校大学生（42名男生和48名女生）为实验被试,通过心理量表评分,探讨面部特征空间关系、肤色和亮度对儿童卡通面孔吸引力影响。结果显示：（1）幼儿与成人对卡通面孔最佳面部特征空间关系评价存在差异;（2）幼儿评价女童卡通面孔眼嘴间距离占面长24%时吸引力最优,两眼间距离占面宽41%时吸引力最优,但未达显著。成人评价女童卡通面孔也存在纵向“黄金比例（19%）”现象;（3）男童卡通面孔不存在最佳比例;（4）幼儿偏爱偏白肤色,而成人偏好白里透红;（5）受众性别与卡通形象性别均对肤色偏好有影响;（6）亮度高的儿童卡通面孔更具吸引力。结论：卡通面孔吸引力受面部特征空间关系、肤色与亮度等因素显著影响,卡通设计需针对不同年龄、性别受众来设定面部特征空间关系与肤色等要素。     

面孔吸引力的回顾与前瞻

面孔吸引力是传递社会情感性信息的重要来源。面孔的平均化、对称性、性别二态性特征等因素会影响对面孔吸引力的评价。近年来, 研究者对面孔吸引力的研究已拓展到动态面孔上, 并采用fMRI技术发现当让被试评价有吸引力的面孔时, 杏仁核、眶额叶、腹侧枕叶等脑区被激活。研究者从进化论取向与认知取向两方面来解释人们为何偏好有吸引力的面孔。以往研究在研究内容、研究材料和研究对象等方面尚存不足, 这正是今后的研究方向。     

Physical attractiveness stereotype and memory

Three experiments examined explicit and implicit memory for information that is congruent with the physical attractiveness stereotype (i.e. attractive-positive and unattractive-negative) and information that is incongruent with the physical attractiveness stereotype (i.e. attractive-negative and unattractive-positive). Measures of explicit recognition sensitivity and implicit discriminability revealed a memorial advantage for congruent compared to incongruent information, as evident from hit and false alarm rates and reaction times, respectively. Measures of explicit memory showed a recognition bias toward congruent compared to incongruent information, where participants tended to call congruent information old, independently of whether the information had been shown previously or not. This recognition bias was unrelated to reports of subjective confidence in retrieval. The present findings shed light on the cognitive mechanisms that might mediate discriminatory behavior towards physically attractive and physically unattractive individuals.     

新生儿面孔识别中的两种偏好现象

面孔偏好和吸引力偏好是新生儿（0~1个月）面孔识别中两种重要的偏好现象。面孔偏好（face preference）是指呈现面孔和非面孔刺激时个体偏好面孔的现象;吸引力偏好（attractiveness preference）是指呈现面孔刺激时个体偏好有吸引力面孔的现象。文章从行为研究和原因探析两个方面对新生儿面孔偏好和吸引力偏好的研究概况进行了介绍,认为主体、客体、环境三方面都在不同程度上影响着新生儿的面孔识别行为,指出未来的研究还应在实验对象、实验材料等方面进一步努力。     

面孔光滑度影响合作意愿与行为:面孔可信度的中介作用*

通过两个实验探讨面孔光滑度对合作意愿和行为的影响,并检验面孔可信度和吸引力的中介作用。实验1操纵面孔照片的磨皮水平,发现合作意愿及男性面孔的吸引力和可信度评分均随光滑度呈现倒U形变化趋势。实验2采用重复囚徒困境任务,进一步发现面孔光滑度通过可信度间接影响男性面孔合作行为,而吸引力没有显著中介作用。性别差异分析发现,女性面孔对磨皮水平变化不敏感,其合作意愿和行为未表现出显著变化。结果表明,对男性面孔的适度磨皮能通过提高面孔可信度来增加合作行为,但过度磨皮反而减少可信度与合作。研究结果揭示了面孔线索对合作的复杂作用机制,拓展了生物市场理论在合作研究中的应用。     

招聘面试中的内隐相貌刻板印象研究

相貌刻板印象是指人们对相貌吸引力偏高或偏低的个体形成的一种相对稳定的社会认知、观念或预期.相貌刻板印象潜意识地存在,具有明显的内隐特征.文章通过一个预备实验和一个情境实验,研究了招聘面试决策中的内隐相貌刻板印象.结果发现:招聘者对求职者的简历筛选明显受到相貌刻板印象的影响;并且,求职者的相貌吸引力水平与其他考察指标(实践经验、技能特长等)之间存在显著的正相关关系.文章进一步对如何弱化相貌刻板印象进行了探讨.     

Effects of the "beauty is good" stereotype on children's information processing

The authors tested schematic information processing as a function of attractiveness stereotyping in two studies. An adult experimenter read children (ages 3 to 7 years) eight different stories in which a child narrator encountered two characters who varied in level of attractiveness and displayed positive or negative traits that were either consistent or inconsistent with the "beauty is good" stereotype. Following the story, the experimenter showed each child a photograph of the two characters' faces and asked the child to point to the character who displayed the positive trait. In Experiment 1, children made more errors in identifying female characters with stereotype inconsistent traits but did just the opposite with male characters. Experiment 2 replicated the findings with female characters but found no difference in errors with male characters. The findings have implications for how attractiveness and gender stereotypes affect children's information processing, how attractiveness schemata may be organized, and why physical attractiveness stereotypes are maintained.