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331.
332.
Bruce A. Fernie Marcantonio M. Spada Richard G. Brown 《Journal of Cognitive Psychology》2019,31(3):303-316
Poor attentional control leads to attentional biases that are implicated in psychological distress. Attention Training Technique (ATT) is an auditory intervention designed to strengthen attentional control. Research indicates that ATT alleviates anxiety and depressive symptoms. This study is a randomised control trial with repeated measures that tested if a lab-based, single-exposure of ATT strengthened attentional control. Forty-six nonclinical, high anxiety/worry participants received either ATT or a sham control intervention. Attentional control was assessed using the standard and a modified version of the colour-word Stroop task. The modified version incorporated tactile interference to increase perceptual load. A series of mixed effects models, simple contrasts, and z-tests were used to evaluate if cross-modal interference worsened, and whether ATT was beneficial to, attentional control. Tactile interference increased reaction times but, when Stroop interference was controlled for, this was only true on incongruent trials. The impact of ATT was greatest under high perceptual load. 相似文献
333.
In this paper the existence of natural models for a paraconsistent version of naive set theory is discussed. These stand apart from the previous attempts due to the presence of some non-monotonic ingredients in the comprehension scheme they fulfill. Particularly, it is proved here that allowing the equality relation in formulae defining sets, within an extensional universe, compels the use of non-monotonic operators. By reviewing the preceding attempts, we show how our models can naturally be obtained as fixed points of some functor acting on a suitable category (stressing the use of fixed-point arguments in obtaining such alternative semantics). 相似文献
334.
本研究采用负启动范式,从乐观特质连续谱上选择乐观、中性和悲观三组个体,考察他们对情绪和中性词的分心抑制。实验一以情绪词为材料发现,当启动分心词为负性时,乐观组出现负启动;分心词为正性时悲观组出现负启动;无论分心词为正或负,中性组均出现了负启动。实验二以中性词为材料发现,仅悲观组和中性组出现负启动。说明乐观个体对正性和中性信息不实施分心抑制。这可能与注意在这些刺激上的维持及乐观个体拥有积极的认知图式有关。本研究为乐观个体积极而务实的行为提供了一定依据。 相似文献
335.
Byeong-Uk Yi 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2005,34(5-6):459-506
Contemporary accounts of logic and language cannot give proper treatments of plural constructions of natural languages. They
assume that plural constructions are redundant devices used to abbreviate singular constructions. This paper and its sequel,
“The logic and meaning of plurals, II”, aim to develop an account of logic and language that acknowledges limitations of singular
constructions and recognizes plural constructions as their peers. To do so, the papers present natural accounts of the logic
and meaning of plural constructions that result from the view that plural constructions are, by and large, devices for talking
about many things (as such). The account of logic presented in the papers surpasses contemporary Fregean accounts in its scope.
This extension of the scope of logic results from extending the range of languages that logic can directly relate to. Underlying
the view of language that makes room for this is a perspective on reality that locates in the world what plural constructions
can relate to. The papers suggest that reflections on plural constructions point to a broader framework for understanding
logic, language, and reality that can replace the contemporary Fregean framework as this has replaced its Aristotelian ancestor. 相似文献
336.
Fear of Failure Biases Affective and Attentional Responses to Lexical and Pictorial Stimuli 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Duley Aaron R. Conroy David E. Morris Katherine Wiley Jennifer Janelle Christopher M. 《Motivation and emotion》2005,29(1):1-17
The purpose of this investigation was to examine whether attentional biases would be noticed among individuals differing in levels of fear of failure (FF) as they viewed pictorial and lexical stimuli depicting various affective content. Indices of natural selective attention, namely, viewing time and self-reported affect, were assessed in 137 college students during free viewing picture and word presentation conditions. As hypothesized, FF was (a) negatively associated with self-reported dominance and valence for failure- and unpleasant-themed stimuli, and (b) positively associated with arousal ratings for unpleasant pictures. Although initially suppressed by neuroticism, partial correlation coefficients revealed a significant positive relationship between FF and viewing time for failure pictures. Results are discussed in the context of current theories of emotional reactivity and attentional biases pertaining to the nature of FF. Recommendations are provided for future research to elaborate the mechanisms involved in detrimental effects of FF. 相似文献
337.
There is a robust relationship between the salience of stimulus materials presented in the Emotional Stroop task and inhibition of response in clinical populations. Researchers have now found information‐processing biases in both forensic and non‐forensic samples presented with threatening or aggressive stimuli [Cohen et'al., 1998; Eckhardt and Cohen, 1997; Smith and Waterman, 2003; Van Honk et'al., 2001]. We sought to explore sex differences in processing words relating to acts of direct and indirect aggression using a group of undergraduates (50 males and 50 females). Participants also completed self‐report questionnaires (AQ and EXPAGG) to allow some consideration of the relationship between objective and subjective measures. We predicted that males would demonstrate delayed responses when presented with words relating to acts of direct aggression. We also predicted that high levels of physical aggression would be the best predictor of bias for direct aggression words, high levels of verbal aggression would be the best predictor of bias for indirect aggression words, physical aggression would predict bias in males, and verbal aggression would predict bias in females. Males demonstrated a perceptual bias for words relating to acts of direct aggression, taking significantly longer to correctly colour name direct aggression words. Females were slower to correctly colour name indirect aggression words, but not significantly so. Verbal aggression, as expected, predicted bias performance for indirect aggression words but anger rather than physical aggression was the best predictor of bias for direct aggression words. Gender was a predictor for bias with both sets of words. Contrary to our predictions, it was observed that a high level of physical aggression was the best predictor of bias in both males and females. These data provide further evidence to confirm the saliency of aggression words to aggressive individuals in non‐forensic populations. Aggress. Behav. 00:00–00, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
338.
Stefan C. Schmukle 《欧洲人格杂志》2005,19(7):595-605
The dot probe task is a widely used measure of attention allocation to threatening stimuli. The present two studies examine the reliability of different versions of this task using words as well as pictures as stimulus material. Estimates of both internal consistency and retest reliability over one week lead to the conclusion that the dot probe task is a completely unreliable measure of attentional allocation in non‐clinical samples. This unreliability may explain the inconsistent findings for the dot probe task as reported in the literature. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
339.
《管子·弟子职》篇中蕴含的教育思想应引起我们重视,其中强调“立志”的重要性、关注品德修养、“寓教于行”的教育方法以及倡导构建良好师生关系等方面,值得教育工作者深思和借鉴。 相似文献
340.