IRT框架下追踪数据的测量不变性分析——————以4至5岁儿童认知能力测验为例

本研究以4岁~5岁儿童认知能力测验为例,在IRT框架下探讨了如何进行追踪数据的测量不变性分析。分析模型采用项目间多维项目反应理论模型(between-item MIRT model)和项目内（within-item MIRT model）多维two-tier model,被试为来自全国的882名48个月的儿童,工具为自编4岁~5岁儿童认知能力测验。经测验水平 分析和项目水平分析,结果表明：(1)本文对追踪数据的测量不变性分析方法合理有效; (2)该测验在两个时间点上满足部分测量不变性要求,测验的潜在结构稳定; (3)“方位题”的区分度和难度参数都发生变化,另有4题难度参数出现浮动; (4)儿童在4岁~5岁期间认知能力总体呈快速发展趋势,能力增长显著。     

任务维度和任务无关维度干扰信息的同质性影响视觉搜索的神经机制

在三个实验中, 我们利用功能性磁共振成像(functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI)技术考察了在简单特征搜索任务和客体内联合搜索任务中任务维度干扰项的同质性(或称一致性, homogeneity)和任务无关维度干扰信息的同质性对视觉搜索行为的影响及其神经机制。主要探讨了三个问题：(1) 任务维度干扰信息的同质性与目标存在性之间交互作用的神经机制; (2) 任务维度干扰信息的同质性与任务无关维度干扰信息的同质性之间的交互作用及其神经机制; (3) 上述神经机制在不同类型的视觉搜索(特征搜索和联合搜索)中的异同。     

特质愤怒与反应性攻击的综合认知模型述评

综合认知模型(Integrative Cognitive Model, ICM)整合多个相关理论, 探讨在敌意情境下不同特质愤怒水平的个体反应性攻击行为出现差异的内部认知机制, 构建了敌意解释、反思注意和努力控制三个核心认知加工过程之间的关系模型。该模型具有结构清晰、易于操控等特点, 对该领域的实证研究与理论探索具有启发意义, 并有巨大的应用价值。该理论仍缺乏囊括更多因素的综合实证研究支持, 以及有关的神经生理研究和心理干预探索, 这将是未来研究的重要方向。     

Dyscontrol Experiences Questionnaire: Development, Reliability and Validity

This paper describes development of a retrospective measure of childhood exposure to parental dyscontrol related to specific conditions such as a parent's drinking, anger, or other negative emotional states (e.g., stress, anxiety, depression). A 45-item questionnaire, the Dyscontrol Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ), was designed to assess individuals' childhood experiences with parental loss of control. Two student samples (n = 465 and n = 536) completed a battery of self-report measures. Responses were used to examine the psychometric properties of the DEQ. Factor analysis revealed three lower-order factors accounting for 54.4% of the variance in DEQ item scores. Cronbach's coefficient alphas indicated acceptable internal consistency. Moderate intercorrelations with two other retrospective measures of childhood experiences suggested construct validity. Moderate intercorrelations with two measures of psychological distress suggested predictive validity. In summary, initial psychometric testing of the DEQ suggests it is a reliable and valid tool for investigating an important developmental antecedent of adult psychological distress.     

线索有效性对儿童返回抑制的影响

采用通常的线索—靶子实验,来考察不同的线索有效性对儿童返回抑制的影响。所用的外源性线索分高有效性、低有效性和非信息性三类。儿童被试在实验中的任务为觉察圆形光点后即按键反应,记录反应时。结果表明,7岁、9岁和11岁儿童在高有效性和非信息性线索条件下均出现返回抑制;但7岁和9岁儿童在低有效性线索条件未出现返回抑制,而11岁儿童则出现。这些儿童的实验结果有别于成人。结果提示,7岁、9岁和11岁儿童的返回抑制是在外源性线索的作用下自动出现的,具有反射性质;但7岁和9岁儿童的返回抑制仍受线索有效性的制约,而11岁儿童返回抑制的发展已不受线索有效性的影响。     

基于灰色统计的心理评定量表研究述略

本文提出运用灰色统计对心理评定量表进行分析处理的方法。灰色系统的理论和方法能够处理信息不完全的数据,很适合运用于心理学研究的数据分析。文章在介绍该方法的同时,还以问题解决能力评定量表的测量数据为例,进行了灰色统计实例分析。     

Between the frontier and the network: Notes for a metapsychology of freedom2

The author examines the paradigm of the frontier and encounters the establishment of the paradigm of the network, a tendency that currently runs through diverse fields of thought. The network is not proposed as a globalising structure that would neutralise what is different, but as integration based on preservation of what is plural and its transformations. The author moves between these two paradigms in psychoanalytic metapsychology and clinical practice. The concept of frontier is intrinsic to the entire theory: repression, which separates the unconscious from the preconscious, the barrier against stimuli, the delimitation of spaces and agencies. But psychoanalysis is also a precursor of the paradigm of the network, with its concepts of unconscious, free association and evenly suspended attention. She points out that it is psychoanalysis that, in the area of scientific thought, subverts the radical split between subjects and their objects of observation, through the concepts of transference and countertransference, thus inaugurating a revolutionary theory of knowledge. This perspective can later be seen as a forerunner of changes in other disciplines. This text legitimises the contribution of psychoanalysis to thinking and knowledge, as well as the potential of a therapeutic method that provides the tools for crossing frontiers, unknotting and weaving networks, operating in the face of risks of pathological consolidations, thus holding to its unavoidable commitment to freedom.     

Additive utility without restricted solvability on every component

It is shown that restricted solvability need not be required to hold w.r.t. every component for deriving the existence of additive utilities: additive representations can be shown to exist even when restricted solvability holds w.r.t. only two components. In such cases, the uniqueness property of these representations departs from the classical theory in that it is between ordinal and cardinal.     

注意资源理论及其进展

注意的资源理论是注意研究的一个重要理论。本文介绍了注意资源理论中的“总体任务资源”和“特定任务资源”两种理论,比较了二者的差异、各自的优势以及理论局限性,并提出了关于注意资源理论中值得注意的若干问题。     

分散注意条件下学优生与学困生视空间工作记忆的比较研究

通过控制干扰刺激量 ,研究分散注意对学优生和学困生视空间WM的影响。实验一的结果表明 :在不同干扰条件下 ,学困生视空间WM均比学优生差 ;干扰任务不仅影响学困生视空间WM的加工能力 ,也影响他们的存储能力。这说明学困生不能有效抑制外界干扰可能是他们视空间WM存在缺陷的主要原因之一。实验二的结果表明 :视空间WM有缺陷是各类学困生普遍存在的问题 ;对于学优生来说 ,不同类型学优生视空间WM不同 ,语文学优比数学学优的学生的视空间WM能力更强 ,主要表现在加工功能上。