A Brief Report on Predicting Self-Harm: Is It Gender or Abuse that Matters?

Self-harm, which consists of nonsuicidal self-injury and attempted suicide, is a public health problem that is not well understood. There is conflicting evidence on the role of gender in predicting self-harm. Abuse history also is a potentially relevant factor to explore, as it is related to both gender and self-harm. In this study, we hypothesized that abuse history, as opposed to gender, would predict self-harm. Three hundred and ninety-seven undergraduates completed a self-report survey that assessed abuse history, nonsuicidal self-injury, and attempted suicide. The results suggested that abuse history predicted nonsuicidal self-injury and attempted suicide. These findings can inform clinical interventions as they reinforce the importance of including abuse history in the conceptualizations and treatment of self-harm.     

医疗纠纷的解决机制

近年来,医疗纠纷呈上升趋势,不仅是医疗界和学术界关注的焦点和热点问题,而且已成为整个社会和政府极为关注并亟待解决的课题。在现有的法院诉讼、协商解决、行政调解等医疗纠纷解决机制下,应尽快建立医事仲裁制度,为解决医疗纠纷开辟新的途径。     

How do children deal with socio-moral conflicts? Self-conscious emotions and conflict resolution in the narratives of institutionalized and noninstitutionalized children

Introduction

Self-conscious emotions play an important role in children's psychosocial functioning.

Several programming models with unascertained parameters and their applications

Several programming models are introduced with the consideration of available unascertained information. In this case, the so‐called unascertained information is some numerical values whose ranges are known but their exact values are not. These models resolve several vital weaknesses of the traditional programming methods to a certain degree. Our study includes considerations of linear and non‐linear programming models with grey parameters, grey 0–1 programming, and satisfactory and quasi‐optimal solutions of grey linear programmings. Finally, some practical applications are given in order to test the applicability of our theory. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Les erreurs commises lors de la résolution du problème source favorisent-elles le transfert analogique ? Un réexamen de la recherche de Gick et McGarry (1992)

Gick and McGarry (1992) show that inducing source problem difficulty by reducing the salience of its structural elements improves analogical transfer. According to them, this result is explained by similarities between mistakes made when solving the difficult source and target mistakes. In this study, we replicate Gick and McGarry study in order to do an analysis, not made by the authors, in the aim of testing the role of mistakes in analogical transfer. Our results replicate the effects Gick and McGarry observed, but show that theses effects are not explained by mistakes made on the source problem.     

It pays to compare: An experimental study on computational estimation

Comparing and contrasting examples is a core cognitive process that supports learning in children and adults across a variety of topics. In this experimental study, we evaluated the benefits of supporting comparison in a classroom context for children learning about computational estimation. Fifth- and sixth-grade students (N = 157) learned about estimation either by comparing alternative solution strategies or by reflecting on the strategies one at a time. At posttest and retention test, students who compared were more flexible problem solvers on a variety of measures. Comparison also supported greater conceptual knowledge, but only for students who already knew some estimation strategies. These findings indicate that comparison is an effective learning and instructional practice in a domain with multiple acceptable answers.     

Creativity,Problem Solving,and Solution Set Sightedness: Radically Reformulating BVSR

Too often, psychological debates become polarized into dichotomous positions. Such polarization may have occurred with respect to Campbell's (1960) blind variation and selective retention (BVSR) theory of creativity. To resolve this unnecessary controversy, BVSR was radically reformulated with respect to creative problem solving. The reformulation began by defining (a) potential solution sets consisting of k possible solutions each described by their respective probability and utility values, (b) a set sightedness metric that gauges the extent to which the probabilities correspond to the utilities, and (c) a solution creativity index based on the joint improbability and utility of each solution. These definitions are then applied to representative cases in which simultaneous or sequential generate‐and‐test procedures scrutinize solution sets of variable size and with representative patterns of probabilities and utilities. The principal features of BVSR theory were then derived, including the implications of superfluity and backtracking. Critically, it was formally demonstrated that the most creative solutions must emerge from solution sets that score extremely low in sightedness. Although this preliminary revision has ample room for further development, the demonstration proves that BVSR's explanatory value does not depend on any specious association with Darwin's theory of evolution.     

Reliability and Validity of the Chinese Version of the Solution‐Focused Inventory in College Students

The psychometrics of the Chinese Solution‐Focused Inventory (CSFI) was studied in Chinese college students. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the 3‐factor structure. All subscales showed good reliability and convergent and incremental validity. Results of hierarchical regression analyses indicated that the 3 subscales accounted for additional variance in psychological adjustment above and beyond resilience. These findings indicated that the CSFI is reliable and valid. Implications, limitations, and future study orientations are discussed. Se estudió la psicometría del Inventario Chino Centrado en Soluciones (CSFI, por sus siglas en inglés) en estudiantes universitarios chinos. El análisis de confirmación de factores confirmó la estructura de 3 factores. Todas las subescalas mostraron buena confiabilidad, además de validez convergente y progresiva. Los resultados de los análisis de regresión jerárquica indicaron que las 3 subescalas representaron la varianza adicional en el ajuste psicológico más allá de la resiliencia. Estos hallazgos indicaron que el CSFI es válido y confiable. Se discuten las implicaciones, limitaciones y orientaciones para estudios futuros.     

The coupled effect of grain size and solute on work hardening of Cu–Ni alloys

A modified grain size-dependent model developed to capture the combined effects of solute and grain size on the work hardening behaviour of fine-grained Cu–Ni alloys is provided. This work builds on a recent model that attributes the grain size-dependent work hardening of fine-grained Cu to backstresses. In the case of Cu–Ni alloys, unlike commercially pure Cu, a grain size-dependent separation between the Kocks–Mecking curves develops, this being explained here based on an extra contribution from geometrically necessary dislocations in the solid solution alloy. This is corroborated by strain-rate sensitivity experiments.     

A型肉毒素注射结合括约肌浅表松解术与传统术式的疗效比较分析

为了探讨临床应用A型肉毒素结合病灶小切口括约肌浅表松解术治疗肛裂的新方法,将Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期肛裂患者80例随机分成试验组和对照组,征求患者和伦理委员会同意后进行研究,对比观察试验组的A型肉毒素内括约肌侧方注射配合病灶小切口括约肌浅表松解术与对照组的传统肛裂切除扩创术加部分内括约肌侧方切断术手术治疗的效果.结果显示,试验组VAS疼痛评分(24h)、排便时间、手术所需时间、创面愈合时间、切口愈合分级及切口愈合后瘢痕面积大小情况均优于对照组.静息向量容积和收缩向量容积两组都有所减低(P＜0.05).因此,A型肉毒素内括约肌侧方注射配合病灶小切口括约肌浅表松解术的疗效治疗方法简单,伤口愈合快,有很好的应用价值.