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151.
Autumn B. Hostetter 《Cognitive Science》2014,38(7):1468-1481
Much evidence suggests that semantic characteristics of a message (e.g., the extent to which the message evokes thoughts of spatial or motor properties) and social characteristics of a speaking situation (e.g., whether there is a listener who can see the speaker) both influence how much speakers gesture. However, the Gesture as Simulated Action (GSA) framework (Hostetter & Alibali, 2008 ) predicts that these effects should not be independent but should interact such that the effect of visibility is lessened when a message evokes strong thoughts of action. This study tested this claim by comparing the gesture rates produced by speakers as they described 24 nouns that vary in how strongly they evoke thoughts of action. Further, half of the words were described with visibility between speaker and listener blocked. The results demonstrated a significant interaction as predicted by the GSA framework. 相似文献
152.
153.
《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2013,66(5):976-993
It has been suggested that action possibility judgements are formed through a covert simulation of the to-be-executed action. We sought to determine whether the motor system (via a common coding mechanism) influences this simulation, by investigating whether action possibility judgements are influenced by experience with the movement task (Experiments 1 and 2) and current body states (Experiment 3). The judgement task in each experiment involved judging whether it was possible for a person's hand to accurately move between two targets at presented speeds. In Experiment 1, participants completed the action judgements before and after executing the movement they were required to judge. Results were that judged movement times after execution were closer to the actual execution time than those prior to execution. The results of Experiment 2 suggest that the effects of execution on judgements were not due to motor activation or perceptual task experience—alternative explanations of the execution-mediated judgement effects. Experiment 3 examined how judged movement times were influenced by participants wearing weights. Results revealed that wearing weights increased judged movement times. These results suggest that the simulation underlying the judgement process is connected to the motor system, and that simulations are dynamically generated, taking into account recent experience and current body state. 相似文献
154.
Stefan Heim 《Advances in cognitive psychology / University of Finance and Management in Warsaw》2013,9(2):102-111
For more than a century, work on patients with acquired or developmental language
disorders has informed psycholinguistic models of normal linguistic processing
in healthy persons. On the other hand, such models of healthy language
processing have been used as blue-prints to gain further insights into the
impairments of patients with language pathologies. Against the exemplary
background of language production, the first part of this paper reflects this
relationship and formulates a desideratum for naturalistic albeit controlled
experimental settings. Two recent examples of behavioural and neurofunctional
research are presented in which aphasia-like speech symptoms were elicited in
healthy control subjects. In the second part, this idea to investigate
disorder-like symptoms which are being experimentally induced for the course of
the study is further pursued in the field of reading and dyslexia research.
Here, it is argued, again on the basis of behavioural and neurofunctional data,
that such an approach is advantageous in at least two respects:1. It allows a much more stringent control of experimental factors and confounds
than could be potentially achieved in a clinical setting.2. It allows in-extenso piloting of experiments with healthy volunteers before
actually recruiting selected (and sometimes rare) patients.It will be concluded that the experimental simulation of disorder-like symptoms
in easily accessible healthy volunteers may be a useful approach to understand
novel aspects of a language disorder on the basis of a human neurocognitive
model of this disorder. 相似文献
155.
Britta Lorey Tim Naumann Sebastian Pilgramm Carmen Petermann Matthias Bischoff Karen Zentgraf Rudolf Stark Dieter Vaitl Jörn Munzert 《Brain and cognition》2013
Jeannerod (2001) hypothesized that action execution, imagery, and observation are functionally equivalent. This led to the major prediction that these motor states are based on the same action-specific and even effector-specific motor representations. The present study examined whether hand and foot movements are represented in a somatotopic manner during action execution, imagery, and action observation. 相似文献
156.
Although the idea of action simulation is nowadays popular in cognitive science, neuroscience and robotics, many aspects of the simulative processes remain unclear from empirical, computational, and neural perspectives. In the first part of the article, we provide a critical review and assessment of action simulation theories advanced so far in the wider literature of embodied and motor cognition. We focus our analysis on twelve key questions, and discuss them in the context of human and (occasionally) primate studies. In the second part of the article, we describe an integrative neuro-computational account of action simulation, which links the neural substrate (as revealed in neuroimaging studies of action simulation) to the components of a computational architecture that includes internal modeling, action monitoring and inhibition mechanisms. 相似文献
157.
J. C. Walmsley A. R. Lang M.-L. T. Rooney C. M. Welbourn 《Philosophical Magazine Letters》2013,93(5):209-213
Abstract Circular disc-crack-like defects randomly distributed on {111} planes have been discovered by 300kV transmission electron microscopy in diamond that had crystallized on non-faceted growth surfaces of mean orientation {100}. In a sample of ~ 100 defects, disc diameters were narrowly distributed about a mean of 1·2 μm and one in seven discs were located on a coplanar stacking fault of average diameter 2 μm. Discs totally enclosed within the specimen exhibit concentric moiré fringes covering their image areas when viewed obliquely, showing them to be dilated into thin lenticles. Internal pressures, deduced from moiré-fringe counts on six lenticles, were in the range 1·5 to 1·8 GPa. 相似文献
158.
159.
Gerolf Ziegenhain 《Philosophical Magazine Letters》2013,93(11):717-723
Using atomistic simulation, the indentation of single-crystalline Cu is investigated for both an ideal and a stepped (111) surface. Both systems exhibit an intermediate regime of reversible plasticity, characterized by the formation of extended stacking faults, which heal entirely upon withdrawal of the indenter. This regime can be employed to clarify the role of pure stacking fault generation and cross-slip in plasticity. Its existence reveals that, on the atomistic scale, plastic deformation is characterized by material transport rather than by the nucleation of stacking faults. Finally, we establish a criterion–based on the total displacement of particles–to determine after which indentation depth plasticity is generated irreversibly in the material. 相似文献
160.
A general formulation is presented to derive the equation of motion and demonstrate thermodynamic consistency for several classes of phase-field (PF) and PF crystal (PFC) models. It can be applied to models with a conserved and non-conserved phase-field variable, describing either locally uniform or periodic stable states, and containing slow as well as fast thermodynamic variables. The approach is based on an entropy functional formalism previously developed in the context of PF models for locally uniform states [P. Galenko and D. Jou, Phys. Rev. E 71 (2005) p.046125] and thus allows to extend several properties of the latter to PF models for periodic states, i.e., PFC models. 相似文献