儿童支气管异物32例误诊分析

支气管异物系儿科常见病,误诊原因很多,如病史陈述不详细、辅助检查的干扰等,更重要的一个原因就是异物的不典型位置。传统观念中,右下肺异物高发,实际上,受气流及异物体积的影响,轻而小的塑料可被回吸进入左上肺,而较大的异物受自身重力影响多进入右下肺。异物进入体内,引起的·临床表现多种多样,咳嗽、咯血、喘息甚至呼吸困难等,诸类症状在呼吸系统疾病中较为常见,因此这些症状的鉴别就显得尤为重要。在治疗方面,突破传统的支气管镜技术,提倡可以首先采取保守治疗,给予拍背、体位引流等手段,部分患儿可自行咳出异物,这样就避免了手术的风险,在保守治疗无效的情况下可转入外科通过纤维支气管镜取出。     

Feminist justice and the case of undocumented migrant women and children: a critical dialog with Benhabib,Nussbaum, Young,and O'Neill

In recent years, scholars and researchers have discovered a new trend in the migration of unauthorized people into the United States: while the total numbers of unaccompanied migrant children crossing the border have grown exponentially in the past few years, human rights violations against migrant women have also increased significantly. This unfortunate trend is not unrelated to the intensifying border militarization and the criminalization of all unauthorized migrants. This paper attempts to provide an ethical solution to the political conundrum of undocumented migration by engaging a critical discourse with major feminist theorists of justice, including Seyla Benhabib, Martha Nussbaum, Iris Marion Young, and Onora O'Neill. I develop an argument in the paper that the US government's political appropriation of forgiveness is the most justifiable and practical solution for resolving the precarious situation of undocumented migrant women and children.     

Sharing my journey and opening spaces: spirituality in the classroom

Drawing on past experiences and understandings of children’s spirituality, as well as research regarding in-service teacher’s views on facilitating spirituality in the classroom, this article explores teacher candidates’ thoughts on spirituality, their position as it having a place or not in the classroom and how, if so, would they incorporate it to facilitate spirituality for the children they teach. Methods for gathering data include exposing teacher candidates to definitions of spirituality, theory, research and different views on children’s spirituality, as well as using prompt questions to facilitate an online discussion on perceptions of spirituality in the classroom. The findings gathered show teacher candidates deem spirituality as important, and as having a place in early childhood education. Appreciation of nature, reflection and pondering, meditation practices and yoga were the suggested strategies made by teacher candidates, in order to incorporate and nourish children’s spirituality in the classroom.     

Measuring Epistemic Curiosity in Young Children

Epistemic curiosity (EC) is the desire to obtain new knowledge capable of either producing positive experiences of intellectual interest (I‐type) or of reducing undesirable conditions of informational deprivation (D‐type). Although researchers acknowledge that there are individual differences in young children's epistemic curiosity, there are no existing measures to assess the I‐ and D‐type constructs of EC in early childhood. The aim of this study was to develop and validate parent‐report scales that reliably assessed early expressions of I‐ and D‐ type EC in young children. To develop the I/D‐Young Children (I/D‐YC) scales, 16 potential items were administered to 316 parents of children aged 3 to 8. These items were adaptations of an existing adult self‐report measure of EC as well as newly developed items. Confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated that a 10‐item 2‐factor (5 I‐type, 5 D‐type) model had the best fit. Construct validity analyses and psychometric data indicated that our newly developed I/D‐YC scales are valid and reliable measures of individual differences in early expressions of I‐ and D‐type EC. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

公益组织课外辅导对流动儿童领悟社会支持的影响

通过对选自北京市打工子弟小学的159名流动儿童进行问卷调查,探讨公益组织的社会干预对流动儿童领悟社会支持能力及情绪情感的影响。结果表明:(1)在公益组织实施课外团体辅导后,干预组流动儿童领悟社会支持得分与积极情感得分均显著高于对照组流动儿童。(2)在消极情感得分上,干预组与对照组不存在显著差异。(3)领悟社会支持与积极情感存在显著正相关,与消极情感存在负相关。这表明,通过公益组织实施课外辅导方式进行的社会干预能够有效提高流动儿童的领悟社会支持水平。     

Self-reported shyness in Chinese children: Validation of the Children’s Shyness Questionnaire and exploration of its links with adjustment and the role of coping

The aims of the present study were to: (1) examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese version on the Children’s Shyness Questionnaire (Crozier, 1995) among elementary school children; and (2) explore the links between shyness, coping style, and indices of socio-emotional functioning. Participants were N = 580 children (311 boys, 269 girls, M_age = 11.14 years, SD = 1.37) in Shanghai, People’s Republic of China. Measures of shyness, coping style, and adjustment were gathered using multi-source assessments, including self-reports, peer nominations, teacher-ratings. Consistent with findings in North American samples, results from factor analysis suggested a single-factor model of shyness among Chinese youth. Shyness was also associated with a wide range of negative socio-emotional difficulties. As well, emotion-focused coping was found to partially mediate relations between shyness and children’s adjustment. Results are discussed in terms of the validity of this self-reported measure of shyness and the role of coping for shy children’s adjustment in China.     

Waiting by mistake: Symbolic representation of rewards modulates intertemporal choice in capuchin monkeys,preschool children and adult humans

In the Delay choice task subjects choose between a smaller immediate option and a larger delayed option. This paradigm, also known as intertemporal choice task, is frequently used to assess delay tolerance, interpreting a preference for the larger delayed option as willingness to wait. However, in the Delay choice task subjects face a dilemma between two preferred responses: “go for more” (i.e., selecting the larger, but delayed, option) vs. “go for sooner” (i.e., selecting the immediate, but smaller, option). When the options consist of visible food amounts, at least some of the choices of the larger delayed option might be due to a failure to inhibit a prepotent response towards the larger option rather than to a sustained delay tolerance. To disentangle this issue, we tested 10 capuchin monkeys, 101 preschool children, and 88 adult humans in a Delay choice task with food, low-symbolic tokens (objects that can be exchanged with food and have a one-to-one correspondence with food items), and high-symbolic tokens (objects that can be exchanged with food and have a one-to-many correspondence with food items). This allows evaluating how different methods of representing rewards modulate the relative contribution of the “go for more” and “go for sooner” responses. Consistently with the idea that choices for the delayed option are sometimes due to a failure at inhibiting the prepotent response for the larger quantity, we expected high-symbolic tokens to decrease the salience of the larger option, thus reducing “go for more” responses. In fact, previous findings have shown that inhibiting prepotent responses for quantity is easier when the problem is framed in a symbolic context. Overall, opting for the larger delayed option in the visible-food version of the Delay choice task seems to partially result from an impulsive preference for quantity, rather than from a sustained delay tolerance. In capuchins and children high-symbolic stimuli decreased the individual’s preference for the larger reward by distancing from its appetitive features. Conversely, the sophisticated symbolic skills of adult humans prevented the distancing effect of high-symbolic stimuli in this population, although this result may be due to methodological differences between adult humans and the other two populations under study. Our data extend the knowledge concerning the influence of symbols on both human and non-human primate behavior and add a new element to the interpretation of the Delay choice task. Since high-symbolic stimuli decrease the individual’s preference for the larger reward by eliminating those choices due to prepotent responses towards the larger quantity, they allow to better discriminate responses based on genuine delay aversion. Thus, these findings invite greater caution in interpreting the results obtained with the visible-food version of the Delay choice task, which may overestimate delay tolerance.     

Parental depression,parenting behaviours,and behaviour problems in young children

In the past, research has demonstrated that parental depression and parenting practices are related. More recently, there has been an increase in research examining child outcomes as they are related to maternal and paternal psychopathology. To continue with this line of research, this study examined the relationships among mothers' and fathers' symptoms of depression, characteristics of their parenting practices, and their ratings of their young children's internalizing and externalizing behaviour problems. The results of this study demonstrated that these variables are related significantly. Further, the results of this study suggested that mothers' parenting, particularly their limit setting with their young children, is an important predictor of their ratings of their young children's externalizing behaviour problems in the context of their own symptoms of depression. A different pattern of relationships may be present for fathers, as both their symptoms of depression and their parenting characteristics predicted their ratings of their young children's externalizing behaviour problems. Such findings were not supported for young children's internalizing behaviour problems. These findings suggested that interventions should have different targets for mothers and fathers. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

特异性免疫疗法在儿童哮喘治疗中的应用

支气管哮喘是儿童最常见的慢性呼吸道疾病,近年来发病呈逐年上升趋势。在儿童哮喘的治疗方案中,脱敏治疗是唯一从变态反应疾病的病因治疗可改变疾病进程的疗法。注射脱敏是传统的脱敏方法,儿童疗效优于成人,但由于采用注射的方式,使该方法一直应用于5岁以上的儿童。舌下脱敏治疗是90年代开始在国外进行应用的一种脱敏治疗方法,其安全性和有效性在国外已得到多项临床研究的证实,且其安全性在儿童要优于成人,因此舌下脱敏治疗为5岁以下年幼哮喘儿童的特异性免疫治疗提供了新的思路和治疗策略。     

愿望采择发展水平对幼儿情感决策的影响

选取148名4岁儿童, 运用实验法考察了幼儿的愿望采择发展水平对其情感决策的影响。结果表明: (1) 幼儿的愿望采择水平对其情感决策具有显著影响。情境中他人愿望信息充足时, 幼儿会采择他人愿望并以此为线索为他人决策, 但对线索的利用程度受其愿望采择水平的制约。(2) 在无关于他人愿望信息提示的条件下, 4岁儿童为他人与为自己的情感决策不存在显著差异。(3) 4岁儿童能够采择他人的单一愿望, 但其冲突愿望采择能力还不成熟。