Rips的“证明心理学理论”述评

该文对Rips提出的“证明心理学理论”做了综合述评。这一理论主要包含三方面的内容:对推理过程与人类记忆相互关系的解释;(2)根据逻辑学中的“自然推理规则”进行修正后用于解释人类推理过程的推理规则;(3)关于如何控制推理过程的论述。Rips认为他于1983年设计并实施的以“自然推理系统”所含各推理规则为实验材料的实验结果支持该理论的基本观点。     

Fostering a “Group Ethos”: Truth or Dare!

A group ethos permeates the two Special Issues of Group dedicated to the future of group psychotherapy in the 21st century. This ethos is elaborated through a parable, an integration of authors' conclusions, and a brief exploration of the myths and basic assumptions about group leadership and followership that characterized the 20th century. A new basic assumption is proposed for the 21st. BaC suggests that members are drawn to groups for the unconscious collaboration necessary to discover something between them, as yet untold—something that may hold the key to their own fates and to the human condition.     

Tableau reductions: Towards an optimal decision procedure for the modal necessity

We present a new prefixed tableau system $\mathsf{TK}$ for verification of validity in modal logic $\mathsf{K}$. The system $\mathsf{TK}$ is deterministic, it uniquely generates exactly one proof tree for each clausal representation of formulas, and, moreover, it uses some syntactic reductions of prefixes. $\mathsf{TK}$ is defined in the original methodology of tableau systems, without any external technique such as backtracking, backjumping, etc. Since all the necessary bookkeeping is built into the rules, the system is not only a basis for a validity algorithm, but is itself a decision procedure. We present also a deterministic tableau decision procedure which is an extension of $\mathsf{TK}$ and can be used for the global assumptions problem.     

Managers' Implicit Assumptions About Personnel

ABSTRACT— Effective managers recognize both positive and negative changes in employee performance and take appropriate remedial action when required. Managers' assumptions about the rigidity or malleability of personal attributes (e.g., ability and personality) affect their performance of these critical personnel management tasks. To the extent that managers assume that personal attributes are fixed traits that are largely stable over time, they tend to inadequately recognize actual changes in employee performance and are disinclined to coach employees regarding how to improve their performance. However, a growth-mindset intervention can lead managers to relinquish their fixed mindset and subsequently provide more accurate performance appraisals and helpful employee coaching. Implications for performance evaluation procedures and avenues for future research are outlined.     

Commentary on Coefficient Alpha: A Cautionary Tale

The general use of coefficient alpha to assess reliability should be discouraged on a number of grounds. The assumptions underlying coefficient alpha are unlikely to hold in practice, and violation of these assumptions can result in nontrivial negative or positive bias. Structural equation modeling was discussed as an informative process both to assess the assumptions underlying coefficient alpha and to estimate reliability     

Do traumatic events influence cognitive schemata?

Within the field of crisis psychology empirical research on the subject whether cognitive schemata are influenced by victimization, and whether possible changes in cognitive schemata are related to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is somewhat sparse. In the present study cognitive processing of 602 parents, who had lost an infant, were examined. Among other things results showed a significant relationship between level of cognitive processing and symptoms of PTSD. When items selected to reflect fundamental assumptions about the self and the world were assessed, there were only few differences between parents who had lost an infant, and the control group. Furthermore, there were numerous significant relations between items selected to reflect fundamental assumptions and symptoms of PTSD. The results are discussed in relation to central theories within the cognitive area of crisis psychology and recommendations for future research are offered.