Loudness counts: Interactions between loudness,number magnitude,and space

ATOM (a theory of magnitude) suggests that magnitude information of different formats (numbers, space, and time) is processed within a generalized magnitude network. In this study we investigated whether loudness, as a possible indicator of intensity and magnitude, interacts with the processing of numbers. Small and large numbers, spoken in a quiet and a loud voice, were simultaneously presented to the left and right ear (Experiments 1a and 1b). Participants judged whether the number presented to the left or right ear was louder or larger. Responses were faster when the smaller number was spoken in a quiet voice, and the larger number in a loud voice. Thus, task-irrelevant numerical information influenced the processing of loudness and vice versa. This bi-directional link was also confirmed by classical SNARC paradigms (spatial–numerical association of response codes; Experiments 2a–2c) when participants again judged the magnitude or loudness of separately presented stimuli. In contrast, no loudness–number association was found in a parity judgment task. Regular SNARC effects were found in the magnitude and parity judgment task, but not in the loudness judgment task. Instead, in the latter task, response side was associated with loudness. Possible explanations for these results are discussed.     

行为表征水平与心理距离间不具自动化联接特性：来自图片-词汇Stroop范式的实验证据

基于建构水平理论基本假设的推论, 采用图片-词汇Stroop范式, 通过两组实验, 探讨了行为表征水平与心理距离间是否具有自动化联接特性的问题。实验结果一致表明：(1)无论是以词性判断速度为指标(实验1), 还是以词汇判断速度为指标(实验2), 对不同建构水平行为评价词汇的加工均不受词汇所在空间距离位置的影响, 说明行为表征水平的心理距离效应不具有自动化加工的特性, 而可能是意识性控制加工的产物; (2)无论是对于特质性词汇, 还是对于行动性词汇, 相对于近距离位置, 当其呈现于远距离位置时, 被试对其词性(实验1)和词汇(实验2)加工的速度均更快, 说明空间距离的延伸可促进对行为评价性词汇的加工绩效。     

Sharing losses and sharing gains: Increased demand for fairness under adversity

There is ample experimental evidence showing that people have a strong preference for equity in wealth allocation and social interaction. Although the behavior of gain sharing and responses to (un)fairness in allocation of wealth has been extensively investigated in studies employing economic exchange games, few studies have focused on how people respond to an unfair division of loss between individuals. In this study we developed a new variant of the ultimatum game and examined the participants' reactions to (un)fairness in both gain and loss sharing. Results from three experiments showed that the rejection rates to unfair offers were generally higher in the loss than in the gain domain. Moreover, participants were inclined to associate loss with “unfair” and gain with “fair”, with stronger associations leading to higher rejection rates in the ultimatum game. Furthermore, in subjective rating, unfair offers were perceived as being more unfair in the loss than in the gain domain. These results demonstrate an increased demand for fairness under adversity and the importance of justice in liability sharing.     

Experimental Evidence From Newborn Chicks Enriches Our Knowledge on Human Spatial–Numerical Associations

Núñez and Fias raised concerns on whether our results demonstrate a linear number‐space mapping. Patro and Nuerk urge caution on the use of animal models to understand the origin (cultural vs. biological) of the orientation of spatial–numerical association. Here, we discuss why both objections are unfounded.     

重口味食物会使人变胖?——咸味对食物热量感知的影响

随着食品与健康越来越受社会的关注,影响消费者对食物热量估计的因素也成为了营销学者感兴趣的问题。本文基于感官营销领域的联结理论,首次探讨了与食物紧密相关的口味——咸味——对食物热量感知的影响,4组实验表明咸味降低了个体对食物健康程度的感知,从而提高了个体对食物热量的估计。实验1采用食物品尝任务发现了咸味提高食物热量估计的主效应。实验2选取普通大众样本,检验了主效应的稳健性和外部效度,同时发现感知健康程度的中介作用。实验3通过操纵对食盐健康与否的认知,进一步验证了本文假设的理论机制。实验4发现有害品/有益品的调节作用,对于有害品,咸淡口味对食物热量估计的影响作用消失。     

大学生内隐职业性别刻板印象研究

采用内隐联想测验和刻板解释偏差两种测量内隐社会认知的方法考察了60名大学生被试的内隐职业性别刻板印象。结果表明,大学生也存在非常明显的内隐职业性别刻板印象,刻板程度在性别、专业上没有显著差异。在男女职业评价刻板印象上,男大学生表现出非常明显的刻板印象,女大学生的观念已有所改变。用内隐联想测验和刻板解释偏差测量这两种方法测量大学生的内隐职业性别刻板印象,在被试的性别变量上得到的结果不一致。     

IAT测验对攻击性内隐社会认知的应用研究

采用内隐联想测验（IAT）对攻击性内隐社会认知进行了研究。结果显示：1．IAT测验中,攻击性信息和积极性词汇之间的平均反应时小于其和消极性词汇之间的平均反应时,且差异显著;2．攻击性IAT测验与攻击性自陈式量表所测结果之间无显著性相关;3．攻击性IAT测验中,男女被试之间无显著性差异。研究表明IAT测验可以应用于攻击性内隐社会认知的研究。     

完善我国医疗事故技术鉴定制度的思考

在我国,如何建立一个科学、完善、认同性高的医疗事故技术鉴定制度是社会各界十分关注的焦点.新<医疗事故处理条例>中关于医疗事故技术鉴定的相关规定较之旧<医疗事故处理办法>有了很大的进步.但随着实践的不断深入,发现现行鉴定制度存在医疗事故技术鉴定的组织者尚未真正的独立、鉴定组成人员实质没有改变、专家回避制度操作性差、集体鉴定制有悖法理的弊端,对此提出了相应的对策.     

短时间延迟条件下错误记忆的遗忘

两个实验中,使用DRM范式考察了短时间延迟条件下错误记忆的遗忘效应。实验一发现对两种关键项目的错误再认均随着时间延迟（即时、半小时和1个小时）的增加而提高,而在将时间变量由实验一中的被试内设计变为实验二中的被试间设计后,发现对两种关键项目的错误再认随着时间而发生不同的变化,表现为对关键诱饵的错误再认保持稳定而对中关联词的错误再认依然有所提高。说明错误记忆很顽固,一旦产生便很难衰退,当消除了其他干扰因素的潜在影响后,即使是在很短暂的测验时间延迟条件下,它至少是保持稳定的,不会随着时间而发生减弱。此外还发现了关联性和测验情境与测验时间延迟之间的交互影响,表现为对关键诱饵的错误再认受测验时间延迟的影响较小,受测验情境的影响较大;而对中关联词的错误再认则受测验时间延迟的影响较大,受测验情境的影响较小     

友谊的结构研究——一项对大学生友谊内隐观的调查研究

本文对大学生友谊概念的表征进行了初步的探究。研究者依据激活扩散模型,采用字词联想法来搜集数据。采用“友谊”一词为刺激,让269名大学生被试进行自由联想,选出前80个联想频率在4.0%以上的高频词语(概念)作为分析单位,做成卡片另请100名大学生进行分类,然后根据它们之间的关系亲疏程度实施系统聚类分析。结果发现,友谊概念在大学生群体的心目中是从以下4个方面来表征的:①关心与支持;②分享与交流;③共同活动与联系;④矛盾及冲突。