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91.
世俗道德的产生是社会生活世俗化的必然结果,是经济发展的内在逻辑.它具有现实性、人本性和平凡性等特征.世俗道德不可避免地陷入利益主义、享乐主义和庸俗化等困境.只有"回到人本身",才能走出困境. 相似文献
92.
Integration of Emotion and Cognitive Control 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Jeremy R. Gray 《Current directions in psychological science》2004,13(2):46-48
93.
高科技医疗技术,如试管受精技术在医疗实践中往往引发伦理原则之间的冲突.通过对英国一试管受精案例的分析,展示自主性原则与公正原则之间存在的深层张力.在对两个基本范畴作哲学解析的基础上,寻找两个基本原则的契合点,为解决类似的伦理困境提供一奈可能的途径. 相似文献
94.
儿童应对权威的矛盾解决策略研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文采用两难故事法对儿童(7~17岁)在与三种权威(父母、教师与社会上的成人)发生两难冲突时所采取的矛盾解决策略进行了研究,结果发现儿童与权威发生矛盾时所采取的解决策略存在(1)显著的对象差异,即儿童对教师更倾向接受策略,儿童对父母更倾向协商策略,儿童对社会更倾向拒绝策略;(2)显著的年龄差异,即随着年龄增长,儿童从接受权威的观点发展为坚持自己观点;(3)男女儿童,不同地区儿童应对权威的矛盾解决策不存在显著差异。 相似文献
95.
In the two‐person prisoner's dilemma game (PDG), there is considerable evidence that the tit‐for‐tat (TFT) strategy is most effective in inducing the other person to cooperate. One of the important features of the TFT strategy is that it cooperates on the first trial. We varied the initial choices of a simulated other, and tested the effects of (a) initial choices (cooperation or defection), and (b) persistence of initial choices: unilateral cooperation (or defection) on the first trial, first two trials, or first four trials. Results showed that a cooperative strategy—one that starts with cooperative choices—induced greater cooperation than a strategy that started with defections. The results of this study clearly show that (a) a cooperative strategy—one that initiates unilateral cooperation at the outset and then adopts a TFT strategy—is very effective in inducing subsequent cooperation from the other party, (b) the effectiveness of a cooperative strategy varies directly with the cooperative orientation of the other party (a cooperative strategy is more effective against a cooperative than a competitive person), and (c) initial cooperation is more effective if it is repeated more than once. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
96.
97.
Norbert L. Kerr Ann C. Rumble Jaap W. Ouwerkerk Marcello Gallucci 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2009,45(4):603-613
In social dilemmas, where personal welfare is in conflict with collective welfare, there are inherent incentives to act non-cooperatively. Moreover, there is evidence that the example of a few uncooperative group members (“bad apples”) is more influential than the example of comparable numbers of cooperative members (a bad apple effect). Two studies are reported that examine the functional relationship between the number of likely bad apples and individual cooperation, and whether and when the threat of social exclusion for uncooperative behavior may effectively counter the temptation to follow the example of such “bad apples”. It is shown that (a) the threat of exclusion is sufficient to counter the temptation to follow a few bad apples’ example, (b) such threats cannot, however, overcome the cooperation-degrading effects of large numbers (e.g., a majority) of bad apples, and (c) the effectiveness of such threats may be greater in relatively smaller groups. 相似文献
98.
This paper addresses several concerns in teaching engineering ethics. First, there is the problem of finding space within
already crowded engineering curricula for meaningful discussions of ethical dimensions in engineering. Some engineering programs
may offer entire courses on engineering ethics; however, most do not at present and may not in the foreseeable future. A promising
possibility is to weave ethics into already existing courses using case studies, but most current case studies are not well
integrated with engineering technical analysis. There is a danger that case studies will be viewed by both instructors and
students as departures from “business as usual”—interesting perhaps, but not essentially connected with “real” engineering.
We offer a case study, inspired by the National Society of Professional Engineer’s popular video Gilbane Gold, that can be used to make the connection. It requires students to engage in technical analysis, but in a context that makes
apparent the ethical responsibility of engineers. Further, the case we present marks a significant departure from more typical
cases that primarily focus on wrongdoing and its prevention. We concentrate more positively on what responsible engineering
requires. There is a need for more such cases, regardless of whether they are to be used in standard engineering courses or
in separate courses in engineering ethics.
This article is the product of the NSF/Bovay Endowment “Workshop to Develop Numerical Problems Associated With Ethics Cases
for use in Required Undergraduate Engineering Courses” (NSF Grant DUE-9455141) held at Texas A&M University in August 1995.
For further information about this project, contact Michael J. Rabins, Director of the Ethics and Professionalism Program
in the Look College of Engineering at Texas A&M University. Additional case studies from this workshop are available on the
Internet site http://ethics.tamu.edu. The writing of this article was supported in part by “Engineering Ethics: Good Works”
(NSF/EVS Grant SBR-930257).
Michael Pritchard teaches ethics and is co-author of Engineering Ethics: Concepts and Cases (1995) with C.E. Harris and Michael Rabins (Wadsworth, Belmont CA).
Mark Holtzapple teaches chemical engineering and is author of Foundations of Engineering (McGraw-Hill) which includes an ethics chapter suitable for freshman engineering students. 相似文献
99.
Steven D. Weitzenkorn 《Journal of research in personality》1974,8(4):361-377
An adjusted measure of achievement motivation was devised with the combined use of the Mehrabian Achievement Scale (Educational and Psychological Measurement, 1968, 28, 493–502) and the Mandler and Sarason (Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1952, 47, 166–173) Test Anxiety Questionnaire. Contingent instructions, in which Ss were told success on a test was necessary to qualify for opportunities to succeed on subsequent tests, were contrasted to performance in equivalent noncontingent situations and relative to adjusted achievement motivation for both male and female subjects. In noncontingent situations Ss were told performance on any one test did not affect their opportunity to take subsequent tests. Support was obtained for the use of the above mentioned scales as a predictor of performance for both sexes but not for the Mehrabian by itself. Both male and female Ss high in achievement motivation consistently scored significantly higher than Ss low in achievement motivation in all conditions. The expected interactions between treatments and motive groups were not found but t tests between extreme motive groups within conditions revealed significant differences in the expected directions. These results do not provide statistically reliable support to the elaborated theory of achievement motivation. 相似文献
100.
Gustavo Bodanza Esteban Freidin Sebastián Linares Fernando Delbianco 《International journal of psychology》2020,55(1):67-75
We experimentally approach the discursive dilemma to gain insight into people's procedural appropriateness judgments. We relied on a vignette in which three people had formed opinions about two skills (premises) of a candidate to decide whether to hire her/him (conclusion). The dilemma arises when different outcomes (hire vs. not hire) are achieved depending on whether the majority opinion is independently considered for each premise or for the global conclusion of each judge. Participants were asked to choose the procedure they thought to be more appropriate to reach a decision. In Experiment 1, we found a leniency effect (a bias to prefer the aggregation procedure that led to hiring the candidate), which was reduced by introducing the participant as a juror with an exogenously provided negative opinion about the candidate's skills. In Experiment 2, we replicated the opinion effect, even when subjects did not participate as jury members. In Experiment 3, we found that the leniency bias was only reduced when participants' negative opinion was aligned with a majority of negative premises, but not with a majority of negative conclusions. We discuss present findings in terms of the identification of empirical regularities that may affect people's procedural legitimacy judgments. 相似文献